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Physiology Exam 3 > Endocrine System 3 > Flashcards

Endocrine System 3 Flashcards

1
Q

This gland is below the larynx/voice box

A

Thyroid gland

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2
Q

This gland in the neck has 2 lobes connected by an isthmus

A

Thyroid gland

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3
Q

What happens during synthesis of thyroglobulin?

A

Long chain protein made by follicular cells is transported into the follicular lumen

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4
Q

Where are C cells & what do they do?

A

Parafollicular (between follicles), secrete calcitonin

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5
Q

What is iodide trapping?

A

Follicular cells grab iodide, take it into follicular lumen by protein pendrin

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6
Q

How is TSH stimulated?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone stimulates thyrotropes from anterior pituitary, stimulating TSH

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7
Q

This gland is composed of many follicles filled with jelly-like (colloidal) thyroglobulin protein

A

Thyroid gland

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8
Q

What occurs during oxidation of iodide?

A

Iodide -> Iodine by peroxidase & hydrogen peroxide

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9
Q

What is organification of tyrosine?

A

Addition of iodine to tyrosine to form T1 & T2
T1 = 1 iodine
T2 = 2 iodines

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10
Q

How is free T3 & T4 produced?

A

Pinocytosis of thyroglobulin chain by follicular cells and digestion by lysosomal enzymes

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11
Q

What increases cellular metabolic activity & BMR?

A

T3 & T4

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12
Q

What can reverse symptoms caused by Cretinism?

A

Hormone replacement therapy in first few weeks of life

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13
Q

Where does organification of tyrosine occur?

A

Lumen of the follicular cell

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14
Q

T3 & T4 are made from?

A

T1 + T2 = T3, T2 + T2 = T4

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15
Q

What is the name for T3?

A

Triiodothyronine

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16
Q

What is the name for T4?

A

Tetraiodothyronine

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17
Q

What series of events occurs when there are low blood levels of T3 & T4?

A

Stimulates release of TRH -> TRH carried by hypophyseal portal veins to ant pit -> stimulates thyrotropes -> stimulates TSH -> bloodstream -> stimulates individual follicle in each follicular cell -> T3 & T4 released into the bloodstream

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18
Q

What occurs after pinocytosis of the thyroglobulin chain?

A

Secretion of T3 & T4 into the blood

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19
Q

What releases calcium & phosphate into the blood and how?

A

Parathyroid hormone, by osteolysis & osteoclastic bone resorption

20
Q

What happens to thyroglobulin after synthesis?

A

Sent to the follicular lumen (SEE SLIDE 7)

21
Q

What increases ATP production in the mitochondria?

A

T3 & T4

22
Q

What occurs after secretion of T3 & T4 into the blood?

A

Transport of T3 & T4 in the free form or bound to the thyroid-binding-globulin (TBG)

23
Q

What increases the transcription of a large number of genes?

A

T3 & T4

24
Q

Effects of PTH on cells are mediated by what?

A

cAMP system

25
Q

What occurs when blood levels of T3 & T4 are increased?

A

Inhibition release of TRH & TSH, decreased secretion of T3 & T4 by thyroid follicular cells

26
Q

What maintains normal sexual functions & libido?

A

T3 & T4

27
Q

What is Cretinism caused by?

A

Hyposecretion of thryoid hormones during fetal development & infancy

28
Q

Symtoms of Cretinism?

A

Severe mental & physical retardation in newborn

29
Q

What increases phosphate excretion by the kidneys in the urine?

A

Parathyroid hormone

30
Q

What increases CNS, cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular, & GI activities?

A

T3 & T4

31
Q

What is hyperthyroidism also called & what are the symptoms?

A

Graves Disease, high met rate, tachycardia, high body temp, anxiety & irritability, goiter, heat intolerance, weight loss, exophthalmia (eyeballs bulge out)

32
Q

What cells do parathyroid cells contain?

A

Chief cells & Oxphil cells

33
Q

What promotes normal growth synergistically with Growth Hormone?

A

T3 & T4

34
Q

How does Calcitonin decrease calcium plasma levels?

A

Inhibits osteolysis & osteoclastic bone resorption, decreases calcium absorption in intestines, & increases calcium reabsorption by the kidneys

35
Q

What causes an endemic colloid goiter?

A

Insufficient dietary iodine to make T3 & T4; lack of negative feedback from T3 & T4 causes over secretion of TSH by ant pit gland -> overgrowth of thyroid gland follicles

36
Q

What increases intestinal absorption of calcium & phosphate by activation of vitamin D in the kidneys?

A

Parathyroid hormone

37
Q

What hormones do chief cells secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone

38
Q

What is hypothyroidism also called & what are the symptoms?

A

Hashimoto’s Disease, low met rate, bradycardia, low body temp, goiter, lethargy, cold intolerance, weight gain, myxedema (dry scaly skin)

39
Q

What hormones do Oxyphil cells secrete?

A

None

40
Q

What decreases calcium excretion by the kidneys in the urine?

A

Parathyroid hormone

41
Q

Parathyroid cells contain this to detect calcium plasma levels that control PTH secretion?

A

Calcium-sensing receptor

42
Q

Parathyroid hypertrophy occurs with?

A

Rickets, Pregnancy, & Lactation

43
Q

What does Calcitonin do?

A

Decreases calcium plasma levels

44
Q

What is hypoparathyroidism caused by?

A

Surgical excision of parathyroid during thyroid surgery

45
Q

What does hypoparathyroidism cause?

A

Fatal tetanus

46
Q

What is hyperparathyroidism caused by?

A

PT gland tumors

47
Q

What does hyperparathyroidism cause?

A

Increased calcium plasma levels, inc renal stones formation, soft/fragile deformed bones

Physiology Exam 3 (8 decks)

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