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Physiology Exam 3 > Endocrine System 5 > Flashcards

Endocrine System 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Large, leaf-shaped gland located in the curve of the small intestine and extend to the spleen

A

Pancreas

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2
Q

What are the exocrine & endocrine parts of the pancreas?

A

Exocrine - Acini

Endocrine - Islets of Langerhans

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3
Q

What does the Acini secrete?

A

Digestive enzymes

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4
Q

What are the Islets of Langerhans & what do they secrete?

A 
Alpha cells (25%) - glucagon
Beta cells (60%) - insulin & amylin
Delta cells (10%) - somatostatin
PP cells (5%) - pancreatic polypeptide
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5
Q

What is insulin synthesized by?

A

Beta cells, secreted in equimolar amounts with C-protein

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6
Q

What is insulin secretion stimulated by?

A

Increased glucose, amino acids, & fatty acids in the blood after a meal

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7
Q

What gland has both exocrine & endocrine parts?

A

Pancreas

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8
Q

Insulin binds to _________ that activates tyrosine kinase and the insulin-receptor substrate (IRS) enzyme systems?

A

Enzyme-linked-membrane receptor

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9
Q

What increases liver uptake of glucose and storage of excess glucose as glycogen in the liver?

A

Insulin

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10
Q

This 29 aa polypeptide chain is synthesized in the alpha cells

A

Glucagon

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11
Q

What increases glucose storage as glycogen in the muscles?

A

Insulin

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12
Q

The secretion of this hormone is stimulated by decreased blood glucose levels, increased blood amino acids levels or exercise

A

Glucagon

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13
Q

What increases protein synthesis and storage by promoting amino acid uptake in the liver & muscle?

A

Insulin

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14
Q

This binds to cell membrane receptors that activate adenylyl cyclase, cAMP, & protein kinase

A

Glucagon

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15
Q

What promotes fatty acid and glucose uptake in the adipose tissue and inhibits the hormone-sensitive-lipase enzyme?

A

Insulin

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16
Q

What has a very hyperglycemic effect?

A

Glucagon

17
Q

What increases the breakdown of liver glycogen into glucose?

A

Glucagon

18
Q

What increases liver synthesis of glucose from amino acids?

A

Glucagon

19
Q

What increases lipolysis of stored fat by activating adipose cell lipase enzyme?

A

Glucagon

20
Q

What are the insulin & glucagon levels in the FED state?

A

Increased insulin, decreased glucagon

21
Q

What are the insulin & glucagon levels in the FASTING state?

A

Decreased insulin, increased glucagon

22
Q

Growth hormone, cortisol, & GI hormones stimulate what to be secreted?

A

Insulin

23
Q

Insulin & somatostatin inhibits what hormone?

A

Glucagon

24
Q

Amylin & somatostatin inhibit what hormone?

A

Insulin

25
Q

What is somatostatin synthesized by?

A

Delta cells as a polypeptide of 14 aa’s

26
Q

Increased blood glucose levels, amino acids, fatty acids & GI hormones simulate what to be secreted?

A

Somatostatin

27
Q

Somatostatin inhibits secretion of what?

A

Insulin, glucagon, & growth hormone secretion

28
Q

What inhibits motility, secretion & absorption in the GI tract?

A

Somatostatin

29
Q

What are the symptoms with low blood glucose?

A

Brain impairment, retinal & gonadal germinal epithelium glucose-dependent metabolism

30
Q

What symptoms occur with high blood glucose?

A

Osmotic diuresis, cellular dehydration, vascular injury, heart attack, stroke, renal failure, or blindness

Physiology Exam 3 (8 decks)

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