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Physiology Exam 3 > Endocrine System 4 > Flashcards

Endocrine System 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

On top of the kidneys

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2
Q

What are the components of the adrenal gland?

A

Capsule, Cortex, & Medulla

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3
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cortex?

A

Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Fasciculata, Zona Reticularis

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4
Q

Where is the Zona Glomerulosa located & what is its function?

A

Underneath the capsule, secretes aldosterone

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5
Q

Where is the Zona Fasciculata located & what is its function?

A

Beneath the Zona Glomerulosa, secretes glucocorticoids & androgens (but secretes more corticoids)

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6
Q

Where is the Zona Reticularis located & what is its function?

A

Around the medulla, secretes glucocorticoids & androgens (but secretes more androgens)

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7
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

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8
Q

Do epinephrine & norepinephrine cause pupil constriction or dilation?

A

Dilation

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9
Q

Is urine output increased or decreased with Epi & NE?

A

Decreased

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10
Q

Is activity of reproductive & GI tracts increased or decreased with Epi & NE?

A

Decreased

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11
Q

Does cellular metabolic rate increase or decrease with Epi & NE?

A

Increase

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12
Q

What hormones does the Zona Glomerulosa secrete?

A

Mainly secretes aldosterone (by aldosterone synthase)

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13
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

Increases renal tubular reabsorption of sodium & secretion of potassium in urine

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14
Q

What does excess aldosterone cause?

A

Hypokalemia & muscle weakness, Hypernatremia, Metabolic alkalosis, increased blood volume, hypertension & decreased plasma renin

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15
Q

What does aldosterone deficiency cause?

A

Hyperkalemia & cardiac toxicity/shock, Hyponatremia

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16
Q

What develops from the same nervous tissue & is functionally related to the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Adrenal medulla

17
Q

What is the secretion of Aldosterone controlled by?

A

Angiotensin II & potassium blood levels

18
Q

What hormones are secreted by the Zona Fasciculata?

A

Mainly corticosterone & cortisol, plus some androgens & estrogens

19
Q

What do glucocorticoids do?

A

Stimulate gluconeogenesis & decrease glucose utilization by the body cells

20
Q

Elevated blood glucose levels causes?

A

Adrenal diabetes

21
Q

Glucocorticoids increase what?

A

Blood amino acids & fatty acids

22
Q

Why are glucocorticoids important?

A

Anti-inflammatory & important in resisting stress

23
Q

What hormones are secreted by the Zona Reticularis?

A

Androstenedione & Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), plus some estrogens

24
Q

What is the secretion of Zona Fasciculata & Zona Reticularis hormones controlled by?

A

hypothalamic Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) & ant pit Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

25
Q

What is Addison’s Disease cause by?

A

Hypoadrenalism, due to autoimmune atrophy or injury

26
Q

What does cortisol deficiency cause?

A

Decreases the body energy mobilization and inability to resist stress leading to an Addisonian crisis

27
Q

Treatment for Addison’s Disease?

A

Adrenal hormone replacement

28
Q

What is Cushing’s Syndrome caused by?

A

Hyperadrenalism, hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones (excess ACTH or cortisol secretion by adenomas of the hypothalamus, ant pit, or adrenals)

29
Q

“Moon face” and “Buffalo hump” are caused by?

A

Mobilization of fats/extra deposition (feature of Cushing’s syndrome)

30
Q

What causes muscle wasting and severe muscle weakness?

A

Mobilization of proteins (feature of Cushing’s syndrome)

31
Q

Treatment for Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Surgical removal of adenomas, radiation, or drugs that block steroidogenesis

32
Q

What causes Conn’s Syndrome?

A

Hypersecretion of aldosterone by a tumor of the zona granulosa cells

33
Q

What does excess hypokalemia cause?

A

Occasional muscle paralysis

34
Q

Treatment for Conn’s Syndrome?

A

Surgical removal of the tumor or receptor antagonistic drugs

35
Q

What causes Adrenogenital Syndrome?

A

Excessive secretion of androgens Androstenedione & Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) from an adrenocortical tumor

36
Q

What are the effects of Adrenogenital Syndrome in an adult male?

A

No effects

37
Q

What are the effects of Adrenogenital Syndrome in a female?

A

Virilization, masculinization, beard growth, baldness & clitoris enlargement

38
Q

What are the effects of Adrenogenital Syndrome in a prepubertal male?

A

Early puberty & rapid development of the male sex organs

39
Q

Treatment of Adrenogenital Syndrome?

A

Surgical removal of the tumor

Physiology Exam 3 (8 decks)

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