Renal structure / function

Question 1

general functions of the kidney

Answer 1

regulation of water and electrolyte balance
removal of metabolic waste, drugs, and foreign chemicals
activation of hormones

Question 2

regulation of water and electrolyte balance

Answer 2

regulate volume and osmolarity of the extracellular fluid (blood volume and blood pressure)

Question 3

urea comes from

Answer 3

protein breakdown

Question 4

uric acid comes from

Answer 4

ATP breakdown

Question 5

creatinine comes form

Answer 5

from muscle, removed by kidneys
- measures kidney function

Question 6

erythropoietin

Answer 6

stimulates production of RBCs in the bone marrow

Question 7

activation of vitamin D3

Answer 7

occurs in proximal tubule cells
- involved in calcium regulation

Question 8

renin –>

Answer 8

angiotensin I –> angiotensin II –> vasoconstriction

Question 9

2 types of nephrons

Answer 9

juxtamedullary nephrons
superficial cortical nephrons

Question 10

juxtamedullary nephrons

Answer 10

15%
the loop of Henle goes into the inner medulla
required to make concentrated urine

Question 11

superficial cortical nephrons

Answer 11

85%
the loop of Henle does not go into the inner medulla

Question 12

the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 12

afferent arterioles, Bowmans capsule, and the ascending limb of loop of Henle are close together
- the close physical location allows them to interact

Question 13

granular cells

Answer 13

release renin
- eventually increase BP through angiotensin (vasoconstriction)

Question 14

macula dense cells

Answer 14

detect increase Na+, Cl- infiltrate, constrict afferent arteriole, decrease filtration, decrease Na+, Cl- filtered

Question 15

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

Answer 15

used to treat high blood pressure
- comes from lungs

Question 16

if afferent arteriole is constricted then

Answer 16

decrease in filtration

Question 17

if efferent arteriole is constricted then

Answer 17

increase in filtration

Question 18

if both efferent and afferent arteriole are constricted then

Answer 18

decrease in renal blood flow
decrease in filtration

Question 19

afferent and efferent arteriole are in

Answer 19

series

Question 20

glomerular and peritubular capillaries are in

Answer 20

series

Question 21

reabsorption moves from

Answer 21

tubule to peritubular capillary

Question 22

secretion moves from

Answer 22

peritubular capillary to tubule

Question 23

capillary endothelium

Answer 23

stops RBCs from leaving the blood

Question 24

basement membrane

Answer 24

main barrier of filtration
negative charge
- hard for negatively charged solutes to pass

Question 25

glomerular filtration determined how much is filtered by

Answer 25

capillary permeability and starling forces

Question 26

what needs to be reabsorbed in glomerular filtration

Answer 26

glucose, Amin acids, ions (H2O)

Question 27

filtration pressure =

Answer 27

capillary hydrostatic pressure - capillary osmotic pressure

Question 28

ultrafiltration pressure =

Answer 28

capillary hydrostatic pressure - (capillary osmotic pressure + bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure)

Question 29

in glomerular capillaries, capillary hydrostatic pressure is

Answer 29

high and stays high

Question 30

capillary osmotic pressure

Answer 30

increases because so much H2O filtered
- plasma proteins not filtered
- increases because of build up of proteins

Question 31

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Answer 31

the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidneys

Question 32

GFR =

Answer 32

Kf x (capillary hydrostatic pressure - (capillary osmotic pressure + bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure ))

Question 33

increase in renal blood flow causes

Answer 33

increased GFR and urine

Question 34

auto regulation

Answer 34

renal blood flow remains relatively constant despite changes in mean arterial blood pressure
- intrinsic property of the kidneys

Question 35

myogenic hypothesis

Answer 35

increasing MAP, causes to the renal arterioles to stretch, causing vasoconstriction

Question 36

collecting duct

Answer 36

last place composition of filtrate changes –> urine

Question 37

granular cells are in the

Answer 37

afferent arteriole

Question 38

macula dense cells are on the

Answer 38

ascending limb of loop of Henle

Question 39

stimulus for renin release

Answer 39

low BP