Renal structure / function Flashcards

1
Q

general functions of the kidney

A

regulation of water and electrolyte balance
removal of metabolic waste, drugs, and foreign chemicals
activation of hormones

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2
Q

regulation of water and electrolyte balance

A

regulate volume and osmolarity of the extracellular fluid (blood volume and blood pressure)

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3
Q

urea comes from

A

protein breakdown

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4
Q

uric acid comes from

A

ATP breakdown

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5
Q

creatinine comes form

A

from muscle, removed by kidneys
- measures kidney function

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6
Q

erythropoietin

A

stimulates production of RBCs in the bone marrow

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7
Q

activation of vitamin D3

A

occurs in proximal tubule cells
- involved in calcium regulation

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8
Q

renin –>

A

angiotensin I –> angiotensin II –> vasoconstriction

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9
Q

2 types of nephrons

A

juxtamedullary nephrons
superficial cortical nephrons

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10
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons

A

15%
the loop of Henle goes into the inner medulla
required to make concentrated urine

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11
Q

superficial cortical nephrons

A

85%
the loop of Henle does not go into the inner medulla

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12
Q

the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

afferent arterioles, Bowmans capsule, and the ascending limb of loop of Henle are close together
- the close physical location allows them to interact

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13
Q

granular cells

A

release renin
- eventually increase BP through angiotensin (vasoconstriction)

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14
Q

macula dense cells

A

detect increase Na+, Cl- infiltrate, constrict afferent arteriole, decrease filtration, decrease Na+, Cl- filtered

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15
Q

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

A

used to treat high blood pressure
- comes from lungs

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16
Q

if afferent arteriole is constricted then

A

decrease in filtration

17
Q

if efferent arteriole is constricted then

A

increase in filtration

18
Q

if both efferent and afferent arteriole are constricted then

A

decrease in renal blood flow
decrease in filtration

19
Q

afferent and efferent arteriole are in

20
Q

glomerular and peritubular capillaries are in

21
Q

reabsorption moves from

A

tubule to peritubular capillary

22
Q

secretion moves from

A

peritubular capillary to tubule

23
Q

capillary endothelium

A

stops RBCs from leaving the blood

24
Q

basement membrane

A

main barrier of filtration
negative charge
- hard for negatively charged solutes to pass

25
glomerular filtration determined how much is filtered by
capillary permeability and starling forces
26
what needs to be reabsorbed in glomerular filtration
glucose, Amin acids, ions (H2O)
27
filtration pressure =
capillary hydrostatic pressure - capillary osmotic pressure
28
ultrafiltration pressure =
capillary hydrostatic pressure - (capillary osmotic pressure + bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure)
29
in glomerular capillaries, capillary hydrostatic pressure is
high and stays high
30
capillary osmotic pressure
increases because so much H2O filtered - plasma proteins not filtered - increases because of build up of proteins
31
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidneys
32
GFR =
Kf x (capillary hydrostatic pressure - (capillary osmotic pressure + bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure ))
33
increase in renal blood flow causes
increased GFR and urine
34
auto regulation
renal blood flow remains relatively constant despite changes in mean arterial blood pressure - intrinsic property of the kidneys
35
myogenic hypothesis
increasing MAP, causes to the renal arterioles to stretch, causing vasoconstriction
36
collecting duct
last place composition of filtrate changes --> urine
37
granular cells are in the
afferent arteriole
38
macula dense cells are on the
ascending limb of loop of Henle
39
stimulus for renin release
low BP