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Physiology Exam 3 > Pulmonary ventilation > Flashcards

Pulmonary ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

gas exchange

A

the process involved in the movement of O2 from the air to cels and CO2 from cells to the air

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2
Q

trachea and bronchi in airways

A

cartilage to prevent them from collapsing

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3
Q

bronchioles

A

smooth muscle to regulate air flow

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4
Q

alveoli

A

large surface area for gas exchange (lots of them)

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5
Q

conduction zone (dead space)

A

where there is no gas exchange occurring
what does happen:
- warm the air
- humidify the air
- remove particle from the air

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6
Q

respiratory zone

A

where gas exchange occurs (at alveoli)

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7
Q

Pbar (barometric pressure)

A

pressure outside of the lungs
always set to 0

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8
Q

alveolar pressure

A

pressure compared to air Pbar (which is always 0)

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9
Q

negative alveolar pressure

A

air flows into the lungs (inspiration)

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10
Q

positive alveolar pressure

A

air flows out of the lungs (expiration)

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11
Q

pleural pressure

A

fluid filled area between lung and chest wall

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12
Q

pleural pressure is always (+ or -)

A

negative

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13
Q

pleural pressure is negative because

A

lungs want to collapse inward
chest wall wants to expand outward

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14
Q

negative pleural space pressure keeps the lungs

A

inflated

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15
Q

pneumothorax

A

hole in the chest wall, air into the pleural space
- pleural pressure goes to 0
- lungs and chest wall no longer connected (lung collapses, chest wall expands outward)

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16
Q

main muscle of respiration

A

diaphragm

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17
Q

during inspiration diaphragm will

A

contract and pull down

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18
Q

during expiration the diaphragm will

A

relax and push up

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19
Q

mechanics of breathing

A

increase in volume causes a decrease pressure
increase in volume of chest cavity causes decrease in lung pressure

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20
Q

normal inspiration

A

contract diaphragm - pulls down - increase volume of chest cavity - decrease lung pressure - air into lungs

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21
Q

increased inspiration

A

contract EXTERNAL intercostal muscles , contract accessory muscle in neck - chest wall pulled up and out - increased volume of chest cavity - decrease lung pressure - air into lungs

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22
Q

normal expiration

A

relax diaphragm - moves up - decreased volume of chest cavity - increased lung pressure - air out of lungs

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23
Q

increased expiration

A

contract INTERNAL intercostal muscles - chest wall pulled down and in - contract abdominal muscles - intestines pushed up - decreased volume of chest cavity - increased lung pressure - air out of lungs

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23
Q

increased expiration

A

contract INTERNAL intercostal muscles - chest wall pulled down and in - contract abdominal muscles - intestines pushed up - decreased volume of chest cavity - increased lung pressure - air out of lungs

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23
Q

increased expiration

A

contract INTERNAL intercostal muscles - chest wall pulled down and in - contract abdominal muscles - intestines pushed up - decreased volume of chest cavity - increased lung pressure - air out of lungs

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24
Q

in tidal volume each breath is about __ L

A

0.5

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25
Q

air in is (+ or -) flow

A

negative

26
Q

air out is (+ or - ) flow

A

positive

27
Q

why is pleural pressure most negative at the end of inspiration

A

the pleural pressure is at equilibrium with the outside air (Pbar)

28
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air moved each breathe (0.5L)

29
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

extra amount that can be expired after a normal expiration

30
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air that can be inspired after normal inspiration

31
Q

residual volume (RV)

A

amount of air that always remains in the lungs (1 L)

32
Q

vital capacity (VC)

A

total amount of air that can be moved
tidal volume + inspiratory res. vol + expiratory res. vol
5 L

33
Q

total lung capacity (TLC)

A

vital capacity + residual volume
6 L

34
Q

forced vital capacity (FVC)

A

vital capacity as fast as possible (5 L)

35
Q

forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)

A

the amount that can be expired in the 1st second

36
Q

FEV1 / FVC

A

how much of total forced expiration occurs in the first second (used clinically)

37
Q

normal FEV1/FVCis

A

4L/5L or 0.8 which is expressed at 80%

38
Q

normal numbers

A

FVC = 5L
RV = 1 L
TLC = 6L
FEV1/FVC = 80%

39
Q

obstructive disorder

A

person cannot get air out of lungs (expiration)
increased RV and decreased FEV1/FVC, FVC

40
Q

emphysema

A

loss of alveoli, loss of elastic recoil
lungs lose ability to collapse

41
Q

restrictive disorder

A

cannot get air into lungs (inspiration)
decreased TLC, decreased FVC

42
Q

fibrosis (scar tissue in lungs) / edema (fluid in lungs)

A

difficulty getting air into lungs

43
Q

asthma

A

reversible airway constriction
primarily obstructive
- forced expiration through constricted airways (airway collapse) which means air is harder to get out

44
Q

treatment of asthma

A

beta 2 receptor agonist (epinephrine)
- cause airway dilation

45
Q

if blood flow is blocked to part of the lungs, then there would be an

A

alveolar dead space

46
Q

total ventilation

A

amount of air moved/minute
Vt = tidal volume X frequency of breathing

47
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

amount of air moved that is involved in gas exchange/minute
Va = (tidal volume - anatomic death space) X frequency of breathing

48
Q

is it better to breathe deep and slow or fast and shallow

A

deep and slow; because of dead space, deep and slow breathings more effective at ventilating alveoli

49
Q

resistance decreases dramatically as

A

radius increases

50
Q

the greatest total resistance is in the

A

large bronchi

51
Q

the most important resistance in the ____ because

A

bronchioles, they have smooth muscle so they can be regulated

52
Q

parasympathetic nervous system control of airway

A

ACh acting on mACh receptors cause airway constriction

53
Q

sympathetic nervous system control of airway

A

Ep acting on beta2 receptors causes airway dilation

54
Q

decreased ___ causes airways constriction

A

CO2

55
Q

when blood flow decrease to the lungs, CO2 in the lungs

A

decreases, causes airway constriction

56
Q

decreased blood flow causes

A

decreased airflow

57
Q

increased compliance

A

large change in volume for a change in pressure
easy to inflate hte lungs

58
Q

decreased compliance

A

small changes in volume for a change in pressure
difficult to inflate lungs

59
Q

to generate greater pressure difference there is

A

increased work of breathing

60
Q

why can increased compliance be bad

A

there is high compliance but a problem getting air out of the lungs
- increased residual volume, barrel chested

61
Q

surfactant

A

lipoprotein made by type II alveolar cells
- gets between water molecules decreasing surface tension and intros way preventing alveoli from collapsing

62
Q

surfactant decreases surface tension more in ___ which allows for different sized alveoli to exist

A

small alveoli

63
Q

surfactant is made late during

A

fetal development

Physiology Exam 3 (12 decks)

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