Pulmonary ventilation

Question 1

gas exchange

Answer 1

the process involved in the movement of O2 from the air to cels and CO2 from cells to the air

Question 2

trachea and bronchi in airways

Answer 2

cartilage to prevent them from collapsing

Question 3

bronchioles

Answer 3

smooth muscle to regulate air flow

Question 4

alveoli

Answer 4

large surface area for gas exchange (lots of them)

Question 5

conduction zone (dead space)

Answer 5

where there is no gas exchange occurring
what does happen:
- warm the air
- humidify the air
- remove particle from the air

Question 6

respiratory zone

Answer 6

where gas exchange occurs (at alveoli)

Question 7

Pbar (barometric pressure)

Answer 7

pressure outside of the lungs
always set to 0

Question 8

alveolar pressure

Answer 8

pressure compared to air Pbar (which is always 0)

Question 9

negative alveolar pressure

Answer 9

air flows into the lungs (inspiration)

Question 10

positive alveolar pressure

Answer 10

air flows out of the lungs (expiration)

Question 11

pleural pressure

Answer 11

fluid filled area between lung and chest wall

Question 12

pleural pressure is always (+ or -)

Answer 12

negative

Question 13

pleural pressure is negative because

Answer 13

lungs want to collapse inward
chest wall wants to expand outward

Question 14

negative pleural space pressure keeps the lungs

Answer 14

inflated

Question 15

pneumothorax

Answer 15

hole in the chest wall, air into the pleural space
- pleural pressure goes to 0
- lungs and chest wall no longer connected (lung collapses, chest wall expands outward)

Question 16

main muscle of respiration

Answer 16

diaphragm

Question 17

during inspiration diaphragm will

Answer 17

contract and pull down

Question 18

during expiration the diaphragm will

Answer 18

relax and push up

Question 19

mechanics of breathing

Answer 19

increase in volume causes a decrease pressure
increase in volume of chest cavity causes decrease in lung pressure

Question 20

normal inspiration

Answer 20

contract diaphragm - pulls down - increase volume of chest cavity - decrease lung pressure - air into lungs

Question 21

increased inspiration

Answer 21

contract EXTERNAL intercostal muscles , contract accessory muscle in neck - chest wall pulled up and out - increased volume of chest cavity - decrease lung pressure - air into lungs

Question 22

normal expiration

Answer 22

relax diaphragm - moves up - decreased volume of chest cavity - increased lung pressure - air out of lungs

Question 23

increased expiration

Answer 23

contract INTERNAL intercostal muscles - chest wall pulled down and in - contract abdominal muscles - intestines pushed up - decreased volume of chest cavity - increased lung pressure - air out of lungs

Question 23

increased expiration

Answer 23

contract INTERNAL intercostal muscles - chest wall pulled down and in - contract abdominal muscles - intestines pushed up - decreased volume of chest cavity - increased lung pressure - air out of lungs

Question 23

increased expiration

Answer 23

contract INTERNAL intercostal muscles - chest wall pulled down and in - contract abdominal muscles - intestines pushed up - decreased volume of chest cavity - increased lung pressure - air out of lungs

Question 24

in tidal volume each breath is about __ L

Answer 24

0.5

Question 25

air in is (+ or -) flow

Answer 25

negative

Question 26

air out is (+ or - ) flow

Answer 26

positive

Question 27

why is pleural pressure most negative at the end of inspiration

Answer 27

the pleural pressure is at equilibrium with the outside air (Pbar)

Question 28

tidal volume

Answer 28

amount of air moved each breathe (0.5L)

Question 29

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 29

extra amount that can be expired after a normal expiration

Question 30

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 30

amount of air that can be inspired after normal inspiration

Question 31

residual volume (RV)

Answer 31

amount of air that always remains in the lungs (1 L)

Question 32

vital capacity (VC)

Answer 32

total amount of air that can be moved tidal volume + inspiratory res. vol + expiratory res. vol 5 L

Question 33

total lung capacity (TLC)

Answer 33

vital capacity + residual volume 6 L

Question 34

forced vital capacity (FVC)

Answer 34

vital capacity as fast as possible (5 L)

Question 35

forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)

Answer 35

the amount that can be expired in the 1st second

Question 36

FEV1 / FVC

Answer 36

how much of total forced expiration occurs in the first second (used clinically)

Question 37

normal FEV1/FVCis

Answer 37

4L/5L or 0.8 which is expressed at 80%

Question 38

normal numbers

Answer 38

FVC = 5L RV = 1 L TLC = 6L FEV1/FVC = 80%

Question 39

obstructive disorder

Answer 39

person cannot get air out of lungs (expiration) increased RV and decreased FEV1/FVC, FVC

Question 40

emphysema

Answer 40

loss of alveoli, loss of elastic recoil lungs lose ability to collapse

Question 41

restrictive disorder

Answer 41

cannot get air into lungs (inspiration) decreased TLC, decreased FVC

Question 42

fibrosis (scar tissue in lungs) / edema (fluid in lungs)

Answer 42

difficulty getting air into lungs

Question 43

asthma

Answer 43

reversible airway constriction primarily obstructive - forced expiration through constricted airways (airway collapse) which means air is harder to get out

Question 44

treatment of asthma

Answer 44

beta 2 receptor agonist (epinephrine) - cause airway dilation

Question 45

if blood flow is blocked to part of the lungs, then there would be an

Answer 45

alveolar dead space

Question 46

total ventilation

Answer 46

amount of air moved/minute Vt = tidal volume X frequency of breathing

Question 47

alveolar ventilation

Answer 47

amount of air moved that is involved in gas exchange/minute Va = (tidal volume - anatomic death space) X frequency of breathing

Question 48

is it better to breathe deep and slow or fast and shallow

Answer 48

deep and slow; because of dead space, deep and slow breathings more effective at ventilating alveoli

Question 49

resistance decreases dramatically as

Answer 49

radius increases

Question 50

the greatest total resistance is in the

Answer 50

large bronchi

Question 51

the most important resistance in the ____ because

Answer 51

bronchioles, they have smooth muscle so they can be regulated

Question 52

parasympathetic nervous system control of airway

Answer 52

ACh acting on mACh receptors cause airway constriction

Question 53

sympathetic nervous system control of airway

Answer 53

Ep acting on beta2 receptors causes airway dilation

Question 54

decreased ___ causes airways constriction

Answer 54

CO2

Question 55

when blood flow decrease to the lungs, CO2 in the lungs

Answer 55

decreases, causes airway constriction

Question 56

decreased blood flow causes

Answer 56

decreased airflow

Question 57

increased compliance

Answer 57

large change in volume for a change in pressure easy to inflate hte lungs

Question 58

decreased compliance

Answer 58

small changes in volume for a change in pressure difficult to inflate lungs

Question 59

to generate greater pressure difference there is

Answer 59

increased work of breathing

Question 60

why can increased compliance be bad

Answer 60

there is high compliance but a problem getting air out of the lungs - increased residual volume, barrel chested

Question 61

surfactant

Answer 61

lipoprotein made by type II alveolar cells - gets between water molecules decreasing surface tension and intros way preventing alveoli from collapsing

Question 62

surfactant decreases surface tension more in ___ which allows for different sized alveoli to exist

Answer 62

small alveoli

Question 63

surfactant is made late during

Answer 63

fetal development