regulation of respiration

Question 1

elements of regulation

Answer 1

sensors
central controller
effectors

Question 2

sensors

Answer 2

detect changes required for respiratory adjustments
- chemoreceptors, propriocepters, and pulmonary receptors

Question 3

central controller

Answer 3

region of the brain which coordinates incoming sensory information and directed respiratory activity
- found in the medulla

Question 4

effectors

Answer 4

respiratory muscles (diaphragm)

Question 5

stimulate inspiration

Answer 5

detection by chemoreceptors of increased CO2 or H+, or decreased O2
detection of increased muscle and joint movement by proprioceptors

Question 6

inhibit inspiration (allow expiration)

Answer 6

pulmonary stretch receptors detect inflation of the lungs (only used to prevent over inflation of the lungs)
normal inspiration is turned off by other brain centers, the central pattern generator

Question 7

is O2 or CO2 the main regulator of breathing

Answer 7

CO2
- any increase in PCO2 causes an increase in breathing

Question 8

central chemoreceptors

Answer 8

found in the medulla, substances in the blood must cross the blood brain barrier to reach them .
- H+ cannot reach them, CO2 can

Question 9

carbonic anhydrase is prevent in the ___ so the reaction can occur where H+ is produced from CO2

Answer 9

medulla

Question 10

things that stimulate central chemoreceptors

Answer 10

increased CO2 in the blood
increased H+ in the interstitial fluid in the brain

Question 11

things that don’t stimulate central chemoreceptors

Answer 11

increased H+ in the blood
decreased O2 in the blood

Question 12

peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 12

found in the carotid and aortic bodies
- detect changes in arterial blood

Question 13

things that stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 13

increased CO2 in the blood
increased H+ in the blood
decreased O2 in the blood

Question 14

pulmonary receptors

Answer 14

found in the lungs
- in the smooth muscle in the bronchioles

Question 15

slowly adapting receptors

Answer 15

pulmonary stretch receptors

Question 16

hering-breuer reflex

Answer 16

a protective reflex that stops over inflation of the lungs

Question 17

rapidly adapting receptors

Answer 17

irritant receptors

Question 18

rapidly adapting (irritant) receptors respond to

Answer 18

injury, inflammation, touch, chemicals
- cause complex effects –> cough

Question 19

cheyne-stokes breathing

Answer 19

deep rapid breathing followed by slower/stopped breathing

Question 20

cheyne-stokes breathing involves

Answer 20

chemoreceptor detection of CO2

Question 21

cheyne-stokes breathing causes

Answer 21

congestive heart failure (blood is not being pumped fast enough to reach the chemoreceptors normally) brain damage (damage to respiratory centers)

Question 22

decreased O2 stimulates breathing, but only after

Answer 22

PO2 falls a significant amount (below 60 mmHg)

Question 23

proprioceptors

Answer 23

stimulate inspiration
- detect increase muscle activity and joint movement

Question 24

chemoreceptors

Answer 24

stimulate inspiration
- detect increased Co2, H+, decreased O2