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Renal > Renal embryology > Flashcards

Renal embryology Flashcards

1
Q

From which germ layers is the renal system derived?

A

Mesoderm and endoderm

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2
Q

3 layers of mesoderm

A

Paraxial, intermediate and lateral plate (also divides into somatic and splanchnic)

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3
Q

From which germ layer is the uterine tube derived

A

Mesoderm

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4
Q

From which germ layer is the uterus and uterine canal derived

A

Mesoderm

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5
Q

From which germ layer is the vagina derived

A

Mesoderm and endoderm

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6
Q

From which germ layer is the urethra derived

A

Endoderm

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7
Q

From which germ layer is the external genitalia

A

Endoderm

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8
Q

Which structures make up the renal collecting duct system

A

Ureters, renal pelvis, calyces, collecting tubules

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9
Q

Which structures make up the renal excretory system

A

Nephron (renal corpuscle, glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule), PCT, LOH, DCT

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10
Q

Which structures are formed by the mesonephric system?

A

Mesodermal germ layer structures (renal tubules, ureter, reproductive ductal system, uterine canal, vagina)

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11
Q

Which structures are formed from the cloaca?

A

Ectodermal germ layer (urinary bladder, urethra, vagina, external genitalia)

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12
Q

What is the pronephros?

A

Functional kidney in primitive fish, derived from intermediate mesoderm

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13
Q

What is the mesonephros?

A

Functional kidney in advanced fish - intermediate mesoderm, forms mesonephric ducts

  • Mesonephros form excretory tubules with glomerular capillaries surrounding which forms Bowman’s capsule - makes renal corpuscle which drains to mesonephric ducts
  • Developing gonads lies on medial side of developing mesonephros, forming urogenital ridge
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14
Q

What is the metanephros?

A

Functional kidney in human

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15
Q

How is the collecting system formed?

A
  • Ureteric bud from mesonephros penetrates the metanephric tissue or blastema
  • Gives rise to ureter, renal pelvis, calyces
  • Collecting tubules converge on minor calyces forming renal pyramids
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16
Q

How is the excretory system formed?

A
  • Distal end covered by metanephric cap
  • Cells of cap form renal vesicles
  • Renal vesicles form S-shapes renal tubules
  • At one end of tubules, forms glomerulus
  • Glomerulus indents to form Bowman’s capsule
  • Other end forms pathway from Bowman’s capsule to collecting units
  • Renal tubules + glomeruli form nephrons
  • Lengthening of excretory tubes forms convoluted tubules
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17
Q

What are the two embryonic structures from which the kidney is derived?

A
  • Ureteric bud from mesonepohric duct gives rise to collecting system
  • Metanephric blastema forms excretory units
18
Q

When does urine production start?

A

week 12

19
Q

Why do the kidneys not filter waste in fetus?

A

Placenta does

20
Q

Why does the kidney ascend?

A

Body curvature, growth in lumbar and sacral regions

21
Q

How does the blood supply to the kidney change as it ascends?

A

In pelvis = pelvis branch of abdominal aorta

When ascends = higher branches of aorta

22
Q

Wilm’s tumour

A

Kidney cancer in kids <5

Caused by mutated WT1 gene on 11p13

23
Q

WAGR

A

Wilms, Aniridia, Gondoblastoma and mental retardation, due to deletion in chromosome 11 that includes PAX6 and WT1 genes

24
Q

Denys-Drash

A

Congenital nephropathy

renal failure, ambiguous genitalia, Wilm’s tumour

25
Q

How to treat renal dysplasia and Genesis

A

Dialysis and transplantation in yr1

26
Q

What is multicystic dysplastic kidney?

A

ducts surrounded by undifferentiated cells, nephrons fail to develop and ureteric buds fail to branch so collecting ducts never form

27
Q

Kidney defect impacts

A

involution of kidneys and renal agenesis (may also arise if no interaction between metanephric mesoderm and ureteric bud fails)

28
Q

Potter’s syndrome

A

anuria, oligohydramnios and hypoplastic lungs, can be with abnormalities of vagina, uterus, vas deferens, seminal vesicles

29
Q

Oligohydramnios

A

uterine cavity compressed - flattened face (Potter facies) and club feet

30
Q

congenital polycystic kidney

A

may be autosomal recessive or dominant, cysts form from collecting ducts - large kidneys and renal failure

31
Q

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

A

Cysts form in collecting ducts

Kidneys are very large - renal failure

32
Q

Duplication of the ureter

A

early splitting of ureteric bud, can be partial or complete, metanephric tissue divides into twi parts with separate renal pelvis - may have some lobes in common. Sometimes, one ureter opens into bladder and other is ectopic, entering vagina, urethra or vestibule

33
Q

Pelvic kidney

A

one kidney fails to ascend

34
Q

Horseshoe kidney

A

Lower poles of kidneys fuse

  • During ascent, horseshoe kidney arrested at lower lumbar vertebrae by inferior mesenteric artery
  • Ureters arise from anterior surface of kidneys and pass ventral to isthmus of fused poles
35
Q

What is the cloaca?

A

enlarged common sac for lower parts of hind gut and allantois - endoderm

36
Q

What happens to the cloaca between weeks 4-8

A

cloaca divided by urorectal septum into urogenital sinus and anal canal

37
Q

What happens to the urogenital sinus?

A
  • Cloaca: enlarged common sac for lower parts of hind gut and allantois - endoderm
  • During week 4-8, cloaca divided by urorectal septum into urogenital sinus and anal canal
  • Urogenital sinus forms bladder, which is initially continuous with allantois - leaves urachus behind which connects bladder to umbilicus
  • In adults, urachus forms median umbilical ligament
  • Pelvic part of urogenital sinus in male forms prostatic and membranous parts of urethra
  • Caudal portions of mesonephric ducts absorbed into bladder to form trigone
  • Ureters enter bladder separately
  • Trigone is mesodermal but is replaces by endodermal epithelium
  • Orifices of ureters move farther cranially
  • Mesonephric ducts move close together to form urethra and ejaculatory ducts
38
Q

Exstrophy of the bladder

A
  • Exstrophy of cloaca: ventral body wall defect, closure of lateral wall folds disrupted, anal malformations occur
39
Q

Urachal fistula

A

lumen of intraembryonic portion of allantois persists, may cause urine to drain from umbilicus

40
Q

Urachal cyst

A

localised area of allantois persists and results in cystic dilation

41
Q

Urachal sinus

A

lumen in upper allantois persists, usually continuous with bladder

Renal (26 decks)

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