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Renal > Assorted electrolytes > Flashcards

Assorted electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Sodium

A
  • Mainly in ECF
  • Excreted via kidneys
  • Changes in concentration affect BP and intracellular fluid composition and volume
  • <1% normally excreted
  • Increase in blood osmolality = increase in ADH = water reabsorption and decreased urinary output
  • High sodium = hypertonic hyponatraemia
  • Low sodium = hypotonic hyponatraemia (caused by hypovolaemia which is when there is less water AND sodium or euvolaemia where there is more water but no change in sodium)
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2
Q

Hyponatraemia causes

A

Diuretics, diarrhoea, heart failure, liver disease, renal disease, bad ADH secretion

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3
Q

Hyponatraemia symptoms

A

Headache, lethargy, dizziness, confusion

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4
Q

Hypernatraemia symptoms

A

Fever, thirst, dry mucous membranes, restlessness

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5
Q

Causes of hypernatraemia

A

Dehydration and diuretics

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6
Q

Potassium

A
  • Produced high K+ intracellularly
  • Negative intracellular potential = RMP
  • Kidneys maintains K+ balance
  • 90% reabsorbed
  • K+ exchanged for H+ in intercalated cell, stimulated by acidosis and low potassium conc
  • Secretion of potassium and reabsorption of sodium in principal cells stimulated by aldosterone, increased [K+], alkalosis and increased tubular flow
  • Located intracellularly
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7
Q

Hypokalaemia causes

A

Alkalosis, insulin, diarrhoea, renal loss, hyperaldosteronism

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8
Q

Symptoms of hypokalaemia

A

Skeletal muscle weakness, loss in smooth muscle tone, bradycardia

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9
Q

Treatment of hypokalaemia

A

IV K+

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10
Q

Causes of hyperkalaemia

A

Tissue damage, acidosis, aldosterone impairment (spironolactone, Addison’s)

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11
Q

Symptoms of hyperkalaemia

A

Neuromuscular irritability, restlessness, intestinal cramping, loss of muscle tone, paralysis
Causes ECG changes - sine wave and Kussmaul breathing (hyperventilation), T waves taller, P waves disappear

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12
Q

Treatment of hyperkalaemia

A

Diet and medication adjustment but if severe, administer insulin an glucose

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13
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Increases osteoblast activity

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14
Q

Causes of hypocalcaemia

A

Nutritional deficiency, vit D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, kidney failure, hyperventilation

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15
Q

Symptoms of hypocalcaemia

A

Confusion, muscle spasm, paraesthesia, drowsiness, coma

Prolonged QT interval

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16
Q

Treatment of hypocalcaemua

A

Oral calcium and vit D needed, IV in severe cases

17
Q

Causes of hypercalcaemia

A

Hyperparathyroidism, excess vit D, malignancy

18
Q

Symptoms of hypercalacemia

A

Stones, bones, moans, groans

Short QT syndrome, depressed T waves, hypertension, kidney stones

19
Q

Treatment of hypercalcaemia

A

Reduce calcium in diet or PTH

20
Q

Causes of hypophosphataemia

A

Reduced intestinal absorption, primary hyperparathyroidism, osteomalacia, rickets

21
Q

Symptoms of hypophosphataemia

A

Muscle weakness, confusion, hallucinations, convulsions

Left shift of oxy-haem dissociation curve, arrythmias, heart failure

22
Q

Treatment of hypophosphataemia

A

Oral or IV phosphate

23
Q

Causes of hyperphosphataemia

A

CKD

24
Q

Symptoms of hyperphosphataemia

A

Associated with calcium depletion due to calcium phosphate formation (precipitates in lungs, kidneys, joints)

25
Q

Treatment for hyperphosphataemia

A

Reduce dietary phosphate or start dialysis

26
Q

Causes of hypomagnesaemia

A

Malnutrition, defective gut absorption, urinary loss, alcoholism, diuretics

27
Q

Symptoms of hypomagnesaemia

A

Irritability, tremor, ataxia, hyperreflexia, confusion, hallucinations, convulsions
Causes QRS widening, PR interval prolongation, flat T waves

28
Q

Causes of hypermagnesaemia

A

Kidney disease, magnesium containing laxatives or antacids

29
Q

Symptoms of hypermagnesaemia

A

Depressed muscle contraction and nerve function, narcosis, respiratory paralysis, cardiac conduction defects
ECG changes = long QT, bradycardia and heart blocks

30
Q

How is a decrease in BP corrected?

A

Heart decreases release of ANP
Kidney increases renin and angiotensin secretion to produce aldosterone
Pituitary increases ADH secretion

31
Q

Isotonic hyponatraemia

A

Normal conc

32
Q

Hypertonic hyponatraemia

A

High conc

Renal (26 decks)

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