Renal Dysfunction

Question 1

define obstructive uropahty

Answer 1

anatomic changes in urinary system d/t obstruction

Question 2

types of upper urinary tract obstructions

Answer 2

compression or stones above bladder

Question 3

define calculi

Answer 3

crystalized proteins or other substances that cause obstruction in kidney or urinary tract

Question 4

symptoms of calculi

Answer 4

renal colic (severe intermittent flank pain), urinary urgency and frequency, blood in urine

Question 5

lower urinary tract obstructions

Answer 5

affect storage or elimination of urine (incontinence, pregnancy, etc)

Question 6

define UTI

Answer 6

inflammation of any epithelium that urine passes through usually caused by gut bacteria with culture count of 10,000/ml or more

Question 7

symptoms of UTI

Answer 7

frequency and urgency of urination, dysuria, low back and/or suprapubic pain; can be asymptomatic

Question 8

define recurrent UTI

Answer 8

3 in 12 months of 2 in 6 months

Question 9

define cystitis

Answer 9

bladder inflammation

Question 10

define pyelonephritis

Answer 10

inflammation of upper urinary tract that comes with fever

Question 11

risks for UTI

Answer 11

premature newborns, pre-puberty kids, pregnant and sexuall active females, females with antibiotic tx, spermicide users, estrogen deficiency, post-menopause, indwelling catheters, DM, neurogenic bladder, obstruction

Question 12

types of glomerular disorders

Answer 12

nephritic and nephrotic

Question 13

primary glomerular injuries

Answer 13

immunologic response, ischemia, free radicals, drugs, toxins, vascular disorders, infections

Question 14

clinical signs of nephrotic glomerulonephritis

Answer 14

massive loss of protein like albumin in urine, frothy protein, anasarca, micro to no amount of blood in urine

Question 15

clinical signs of nephritic glomerulonephritis

Answer 15

massive amounts of blood and varying amount of protein in urine

Question 16

define AKI

Answer 16

sudden decline in kidney function with decreased GFR and oliguria with accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in blood (BUN, creatine)

Question 17

most common type of AKI

Answer 17

pre-renal

Question 18

clinical signs of CKD

Answer 18

azotemia (increase in BUN and creatine levels r/t decreased kidney function) and uremia (pro-inflammatory state d/t accumulation of nitrogenous compounds and toxins)

Question 19

symptoms of CKD

Answer 19

HTN, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea/constipation, malnutrition and weight loss, pruritus, edema, anemia, neuro and CV disease, skeletal changes

Question 20

define renal clear cell carcinoma

Answer 20

approx 80% of kidney cancers, most common

Question 21

risks for renal clear cell carcinoma

Answer 21

50-60y, men, cigarettes, obesity, HTN, NSAID use, advanced chronic kidney failure

Question 22

define renal adeomas

Answer 22

benign tumors that can become malignant so treated with resection

Question 23

risks for bladder tumors

Answer 23

smoking, multiple toxins exposure like chemo

Question 24

most common type of bladder tumor

Answer 24

urothelial carcinoma

Question 25

clinical sign of urothelial carcinoma

Answer 25

painless hematuria