Renal Dysfunction Flashcards
define obstructive uropahty
anatomic changes in urinary system d/t obstruction
types of upper urinary tract obstructions
compression or stones above bladder
define calculi
crystalized proteins or other substances that cause obstruction in kidney or urinary tract
symptoms of calculi
renal colic (severe intermittent flank pain), urinary urgency and frequency, blood in urine
lower urinary tract obstructions
affect storage or elimination of urine (incontinence, pregnancy, etc)
define UTI
inflammation of any epithelium that urine passes through usually caused by gut bacteria with culture count of 10,000/ml or more
symptoms of UTI
frequency and urgency of urination, dysuria, low back and/or suprapubic pain; can be asymptomatic
define recurrent UTI
3 in 12 months of 2 in 6 months
define cystitis
bladder inflammation
define pyelonephritis
inflammation of upper urinary tract that comes with fever
risks for UTI
premature newborns, pre-puberty kids, pregnant and sexuall active females, females with antibiotic tx, spermicide users, estrogen deficiency, post-menopause, indwelling catheters, DM, neurogenic bladder, obstruction
types of glomerular disorders
nephritic and nephrotic
primary glomerular injuries
immunologic response, ischemia, free radicals, drugs, toxins, vascular disorders, infections
clinical signs of nephrotic glomerulonephritis
massive loss of protein like albumin in urine, frothy protein, anasarca, micro to no amount of blood in urine
clinical signs of nephritic glomerulonephritis
massive amounts of blood and varying amount of protein in urine
define AKI
sudden decline in kidney function with decreased GFR and oliguria with accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in blood (BUN, creatine)
most common type of AKI
pre-renal
clinical signs of CKD
azotemia (increase in BUN and creatine levels r/t decreased kidney function) and uremia (pro-inflammatory state d/t accumulation of nitrogenous compounds and toxins)
symptoms of CKD
HTN, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea/constipation, malnutrition and weight loss, pruritus, edema, anemia, neuro and CV disease, skeletal changes
define renal clear cell carcinoma
approx 80% of kidney cancers, most common
risks for renal clear cell carcinoma
50-60y, men, cigarettes, obesity, HTN, NSAID use, advanced chronic kidney failure
define renal adeomas
benign tumors that can become malignant so treated with resection
risks for bladder tumors
smoking, multiple toxins exposure like chemo
most common type of bladder tumor
urothelial carcinoma
clinical sign of urothelial carcinoma
painless hematuria
