Pulmonary Conditons/Diseases Flashcards
define flail chest
3 or more ribs broken in 2 or more places creating window in chest wall usually caused by trauma
symptoms of flail chest
paradoxical breathing, pain, bruising, dyspnea
define pneumothorax
a collapsed lung due to the vacuum in the pleura being disrupted and air entering the pleural space
causes of pneumothorax
traumatic or spontaneuous
primary risks for pneumothorax
<30y/o thin, male smoker, abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure
secondary risks for pneumothorax
disease lung tissue (COPD, CA, asthma, CF, interstitial and inflammatory lung disease
symptoms of pneumothorax
chest aches and tightness, cyanosis, absent breath sounds, tachycardia, dyspnea
define tension pnemothorax
total lung collapse leads to building pressure of air inside thoracic cavity
risks for tension pnemothorax
trauma to chest, previous less stable pneumothorax
symptoms of tension pneumothorax
mediastinal shift: shift of internal structures to undamaged side due to increased pressure on injured side, drastic BP drop
define pleural effusion
excess fluid in pleural space that’s diagnosed via thoracentesis
symptoms of pleural effusion
pain on inspiration, dyspnea, fever, difficulty taking deep breath
types of pleural effusion
transudative and exudative
causes of transudate pleural effusion
CHF, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, peritoneal dialysis
symptoms of transudative effusions
clear fluid, low in protein and no cells, non-inflammatory, salt and fluid retention/increase in venous pressure
causes of exudative pleural effusion
infections, malignancy, connective tissue diseases, inflammatory disorders, movement of fluid from abd to pleural space, CABG, PE (usually)
symptoms of exudative effusion
cloudy thick fluid high in protein and other cells, inflammatory, blood/bacteria/WBCs can be present, empyema
define empyema
collection of pus in pleural space due to infection
define bronchiectasis
walls of bronchi damaged (scarred) due to inflammation/infection
risk factors for bonchiectasis
CF, infections, immunodeficiency diseases, connective tissue diseases, environment exposure, idiopathic
symptoms of bronchiectasis
cough, sputum, dyspnea, wheezing, chest pain, clubbing, hemoptysis, fatigue, failure to thrive
define bronchiolitis
diffuse inflammation of airways smaller than terminal bronchioles
symptoms of bronchiolitis
tachypnea, accessory muscle use, low-grade fever, dry cough, hyper-inflated chest
define epiglottitis
acute swelling of epiglottis that obstructs trachea and is potentially life threatening
risk for bronchiolitis
infants
risk for epiglottitis
unvaccinated children 2-8ys and adults
cause of bronchiolitis
viral infection
cause of epiglottitis
bacterial infection
symptoms of epiglottitis
inspiratory stridor, sore throat, dysphagia, drooling, changes in voice, dyspnea
define atelectasis
partial collapse of lung tissue at alveolar level
risks for atelectasis
immobility, infections, diseases, foreign body
symptoms of atelectasis
dyspnea, tachycardia, cough, pain, cyanosis, wheezing
define interstitial lung disease
disorders that cause inflammation and scar tissue of tissue (interstitium) that surrounds alveoli, commonly fatal
symptoms of interstitial lung disease
dry cough, dyspnea, weight loss, clubbing, englarged heart, fatigue
define sarcoidosis
auto-immune inflammatory disease that can lead to pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary HTN
risk for sarcoidosis
> 55y, job, mold exposure, family hx, African/Scandinavian descent, female
symptoms for sarcoidosis
fatigue, fever, pain, swollen joints, cough, dyspnea, skin lesions
types of pulmonary edema
cardiogenic (related to heart issue) and non-cardiogenic
symptoms of pulmonary edema
orthopnea, frothy sputum, DOE, wheezing, suffocating/drowning feeling, anxiety, wet cough, chest pain, fatigue, sweating/clamminess
define pulmonary embolism
freed blood clot that lodges in pulmonary vasculature
define pneumonia
infection of lungs that causes purulent fluid in alveoli
risks for pneumonia
> 65y, <2y, existing lung disease, smoking, unvaccinateds
symptoms of pneumonia
green, yellow, or hemoptysis productive cough, cyanosis, fever/sweat/chills, fatigue, tachypnea, dyspnea, tachycardia, chest pain
define tuberculosis
tubercle formation caused by bacteria that makes cavities in lung tissue, resistant to most anti-bacterial meds
risks for TB
living/visiting areas with high rates, <5y w/ positive TB test, immunodeficient, housing insecurity, IV drug users, s/p organ transplant, healthcare worker, chronic diseases that lower immune efficiency (like DM)sy
symptoms of TB
chronic cough, hemoptysis, night sweats, low grade emp, anorexia, chest pain
define ALI/ARDS
acute inflammation as a result of trauma or infection causes lung cells to lose membrane integrity which can lead to refractory hypoxemia
ratio to determine lung health in spirometry
FEV1:FVC (80%)
define asthma
chronic inflammatory airway disease of bronchi characterized by recurrent (not continuous) episodes of wheezing and/or breathlessness
risk for asthma
family history, low birth weight, respiratory complications in infancy, smoking, obesity, allergies, job, health disparities
asthma triggers
indoor and outdoor allergens, viruses, other lung diseases, cold weather, exercise/stress
effects of asthma
mucus production, bronchospasms, inflammation
symptoms of astham
wheezing, dyspnea, anxiety, coughing, chest tightness/pain, decreased FEV1 reversed with bronchodilators
define COPD
umbrella term for progressive obstructive lung disease that includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and refractory asthma
risks for COPD
smoking, environment exposure, obesity, >40y, family history, rare genetic case
define chronic bronchitis
productive cough for at least 3 months/yr for 2yrs
effect of chronic bronchitis
increased mucus production
symptoms of chronic bronchitis
blue bloater: cyanotic, hypoxia, hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis, increased Hgb and RR, clubbing, right side CHF, pedal edema, JVD
define emphysema
alveoli destruction reducing lung surface area
effects of emphysema
destruction of alveolar cell
symptoms of emphysema
pink puffer: barrel chest, pursed lip breathing, CO2 retention, hyperresonance, prolonged expiration, thin appearance, accessory muscle use
what worsens pulmonary artery hypertension
hypoxemia and respiratory/metabolic acidosis
which lung cancer(s) is slow growing and metastasizes late
squamous cell carcinoma
which lung cancer(s) are fast growing and metastasizes quickly
small and large cell carcinomah
which lung cancer(s) is most common and grows moderately fast
adenocarcinoma
