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Pathophysiology > Pulmonary Conditons/Diseases > Flashcards

Pulmonary Conditons/Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

define flail chest

A

3 or more ribs broken in 2 or more places creating window in chest wall usually caused by trauma

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2
Q

symptoms of flail chest

A

paradoxical breathing, pain, bruising, dyspnea

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3
Q

define pneumothorax

A

a collapsed lung due to the vacuum in the pleura being disrupted and air entering the pleural space

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4
Q

causes of pneumothorax

A

traumatic or spontaneuous

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5
Q

primary risks for pneumothorax

A

<30y/o thin, male smoker, abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure

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6
Q

secondary risks for pneumothorax

A

disease lung tissue (COPD, CA, asthma, CF, interstitial and inflammatory lung disease

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7
Q

symptoms of pneumothorax

A

chest aches and tightness, cyanosis, absent breath sounds, tachycardia, dyspnea

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8
Q

define tension pnemothorax

A

total lung collapse leads to building pressure of air inside thoracic cavity

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9
Q

risks for tension pnemothorax

A

trauma to chest, previous less stable pneumothorax

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10
Q

symptoms of tension pneumothorax

A

mediastinal shift: shift of internal structures to undamaged side due to increased pressure on injured side, drastic BP drop

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11
Q

define pleural effusion

A

excess fluid in pleural space that’s diagnosed via thoracentesis

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12
Q

symptoms of pleural effusion

A

pain on inspiration, dyspnea, fever, difficulty taking deep breath

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13
Q

types of pleural effusion

A

transudative and exudative

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14
Q

causes of transudate pleural effusion

A

CHF, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, peritoneal dialysis

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15
Q

symptoms of transudative effusions

A

clear fluid, low in protein and no cells, non-inflammatory, salt and fluid retention/increase in venous pressure

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16
Q

causes of exudative pleural effusion

A

infections, malignancy, connective tissue diseases, inflammatory disorders, movement of fluid from abd to pleural space, CABG, PE (usually)

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17
Q

symptoms of exudative effusion

A

cloudy thick fluid high in protein and other cells, inflammatory, blood/bacteria/WBCs can be present, empyema

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18
Q

define empyema

A

collection of pus in pleural space due to infection

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19
Q

define bronchiectasis

A

walls of bronchi damaged (scarred) due to inflammation/infection

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20
Q

risk factors for bonchiectasis

A

CF, infections, immunodeficiency diseases, connective tissue diseases, environment exposure, idiopathic

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21
Q

symptoms of bronchiectasis

A

cough, sputum, dyspnea, wheezing, chest pain, clubbing, hemoptysis, fatigue, failure to thrive

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22
Q

define bronchiolitis

A

diffuse inflammation of airways smaller than terminal bronchioles

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23
Q

symptoms of bronchiolitis

A

tachypnea, accessory muscle use, low-grade fever, dry cough, hyper-inflated chest

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24
Q

define epiglottitis

A

acute swelling of epiglottis that obstructs trachea and is potentially life threatening

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25
Q

risk for bronchiolitis

A

infants

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26
Q

risk for epiglottitis

A

unvaccinated children 2-8ys and adults

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27
Q

cause of bronchiolitis

A

viral infection

28
Q

cause of epiglottitis

A

bacterial infection

29
Q

symptoms of epiglottitis

A

inspiratory stridor, sore throat, dysphagia, drooling, changes in voice, dyspnea

30
Q

define atelectasis

A

partial collapse of lung tissue at alveolar level

31
Q

risks for atelectasis

A

immobility, infections, diseases, foreign body

32
Q

symptoms of atelectasis

A

dyspnea, tachycardia, cough, pain, cyanosis, wheezing

33
Q

define interstitial lung disease

A

disorders that cause inflammation and scar tissue of tissue (interstitium) that surrounds alveoli, commonly fatal

34
Q

symptoms of interstitial lung disease

A

dry cough, dyspnea, weight loss, clubbing, englarged heart, fatigue

35
Q

define sarcoidosis

A

auto-immune inflammatory disease that can lead to pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary HTN

36
Q

risk for sarcoidosis

A

> 55y, job, mold exposure, family hx, African/Scandinavian descent, female

37
Q

symptoms for sarcoidosis

A

fatigue, fever, pain, swollen joints, cough, dyspnea, skin lesions

38
Q

types of pulmonary edema

A

cardiogenic (related to heart issue) and non-cardiogenic

39
Q

symptoms of pulmonary edema

A

orthopnea, frothy sputum, DOE, wheezing, suffocating/drowning feeling, anxiety, wet cough, chest pain, fatigue, sweating/clamminess

40
Q

define pulmonary embolism

A

freed blood clot that lodges in pulmonary vasculature

41
Q

define pneumonia

A

infection of lungs that causes purulent fluid in alveoli

42
Q

risks for pneumonia

A

> 65y, <2y, existing lung disease, smoking, unvaccinateds

43
Q

symptoms of pneumonia

A

green, yellow, or hemoptysis productive cough, cyanosis, fever/sweat/chills, fatigue, tachypnea, dyspnea, tachycardia, chest pain

44
Q

define tuberculosis

A

tubercle formation caused by bacteria that makes cavities in lung tissue, resistant to most anti-bacterial meds

45
Q

risks for TB

A

living/visiting areas with high rates, <5y w/ positive TB test, immunodeficient, housing insecurity, IV drug users, s/p organ transplant, healthcare worker, chronic diseases that lower immune efficiency (like DM)sy

46
Q

symptoms of TB

A

chronic cough, hemoptysis, night sweats, low grade emp, anorexia, chest pain

47
Q

define ALI/ARDS

A

acute inflammation as a result of trauma or infection causes lung cells to lose membrane integrity which can lead to refractory hypoxemia

48
Q

ratio to determine lung health in spirometry

A

FEV1:FVC (80%)

49
Q

define asthma

A

chronic inflammatory airway disease of bronchi characterized by recurrent (not continuous) episodes of wheezing and/or breathlessness

50
Q

risk for asthma

A

family history, low birth weight, respiratory complications in infancy, smoking, obesity, allergies, job, health disparities

51
Q

asthma triggers

A

indoor and outdoor allergens, viruses, other lung diseases, cold weather, exercise/stress

52
Q

effects of asthma

A

mucus production, bronchospasms, inflammation

53
Q

symptoms of astham

A

wheezing, dyspnea, anxiety, coughing, chest tightness/pain, decreased FEV1 reversed with bronchodilators

54
Q

define COPD

A

umbrella term for progressive obstructive lung disease that includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and refractory asthma

55
Q

risks for COPD

A

smoking, environment exposure, obesity, >40y, family history, rare genetic case

56
Q

define chronic bronchitis

A

productive cough for at least 3 months/yr for 2yrs

57
Q

effect of chronic bronchitis

A

increased mucus production

58
Q

symptoms of chronic bronchitis

A

blue bloater: cyanotic, hypoxia, hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis, increased Hgb and RR, clubbing, right side CHF, pedal edema, JVD

59
Q

define emphysema

A

alveoli destruction reducing lung surface area

60
Q

effects of emphysema

A

destruction of alveolar cell

61
Q

symptoms of emphysema

A

pink puffer: barrel chest, pursed lip breathing, CO2 retention, hyperresonance, prolonged expiration, thin appearance, accessory muscle use

62
Q

what worsens pulmonary artery hypertension

A

hypoxemia and respiratory/metabolic acidosis

63
Q

which lung cancer(s) is slow growing and metastasizes late

A

squamous cell carcinoma

64
Q

which lung cancer(s) are fast growing and metastasizes quickly

A

small and large cell carcinomah

65
Q

which lung cancer(s) is most common and grows moderately fast

A

adenocarcinoma

66
Q
A

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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