Cell Adaptation, Injury, and Death Flashcards
types of cell adaptions
atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia
what is atrophy
cell shrinks but is alive, same number of cells
what is hypertrophy
cells get bigger but alive, same number of cells
what is hyperplasia
increase in number of cells (hyper- meaning a lot, -plasia meaning growth)
what is metaplasia
change in morphology of cells (shape and/or function)
what is dysplasia
incorrect growth of cell, considered pathological change
what is neoplasia
abnormal cellular replication, growth, and lifespan (tumors, malignancies, cancers)
what are some causes of cell injury
hypoxia, ischemia, chemical agents (drugs, alcohol), physical agents (trauma, heat), infections, psychosocial stressors, psychological trauma, genetic and nutritional defects, aging
how does ischemia affect Na-K ATPase Pump
increases Na+ and Ca2+ concentrations inside cell and K+ concentration outside cell
how does ischemia affect water in cell
Water rushes into cell to combat increased molecule concentration causing acute cellular swelling
how does ischemia affect ATP production
lack of O2 leads to decrease in ATP production and triggers anaerobic glycolysis which utilizes glycogen storage for process; process produces increased lactate which decreases pH
how does increased Ca2+ in cell affect it
activates cell-damaging enzymes, mitochondrial damage, cause cytochrome C to leak triggering apoptotic pathways
how does increase free radicals affect cell
cause membrane damage, protein breakdown or misfolding, and DNA mutation
forms of cellular death
apoptosis and necrosis
what happens during necrosis
cell swells, nucleus breaks down disorderly, cell membrane bursts, cell contents leak out of cell, adjacent inflammation, never physiological (cell was injured and couldn’t be repaired) but pathological, doesn’t need energy
