Renal - Congenital Abnormalities; Acute Renal Failure Flashcards
What is the most common congenital renal anomaly?
Horseshoe kidney
Horseshoe kidneys are typically conjoined at the _______ renal ______.
Horseshoe kidneys are typically conjoined at the lower renal pole.
In its ascent from the pelvis, horseshoe kidneys most commonly get caught where / on what?
The inferior mesenteric artery
(IMA root)
Although horseshoe kidneys are typically ______, there may be some increased risk of certain ______s.
Although horseshoe kidneys are typically benign, there may be some increased risk of certain malignancies.
Renal _______ refers to the absence of one or both kidneys.
Renal agenesis refers to the absence of one or both kidneys.
Unilateral renal agenesis leads to ___________ of the existing kidney; hyperfiltration leads to increased risk of ______ ______ later in life.
Unilateral renal agenesis leads to hypertrophy of the existing kidney; hyperfiltration leads to increased risk of renal failure later in life.
Bilateral renal agenesis leads to what condition(s)?
Potter’s syndrome
What noninherited, congenital malformation of the renal parenchyma is characterized by cysts and abnormal tissue?
Dysplastic kidney
Dysplastic kidneys are usually ____lateral.
Dysplastic kidneys are usually unilateral.
When bilateral renal cysts are present, polycystic kidney disease must be differentiated from what?
Dysplastic kidneys
Polycystic kidney disease leads to bilateral enlarged kidneys with cysts in which: the renal cortex or the renal medulla?
Both
Autosomal dominant cases of polycystic kidney disease are associated with mutations in what two genes?
(1) APKD1
(2) APKD2
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease typically presents first in __________ (age group) as worsening renal failure, hypertension, and hematuria.
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease typically presents first in young adults as worsening renal failure, hypertension, and hematuria.
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease typically presents first in __________ (age group) as worsening renal failure, hypertension, and hematuria.
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease typically presents first in infants as worsening renal failure and hypertension.
Autosomal _________ polycystic kidney disease typically presents in young adults as worsening renal failure, hypertension, and hematuria.
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease typically presents in young adults as worsening renal failure, hypertension, and hematuria.
Autosomal _________ polycystic kidney disease typically presents in infants as worsening renal failure and hypertension.
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease typically presents in infants as worsening renal failure and hypertension.
True/False.
Newborns with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease can present with Potter’s syndrome.
True.
Is autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease associated with high- or low-renin hypertension?
High-renin
What are the main presenting S/Sy of a patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease?
Hypertension
Worsening renal failure
Hematuria
Autosomal recessive kidney disease is associated with major damage to what organ besides the kidneys?
The liver
(associated with hepatic fibrosis and hepatic cysts)
Autosomal dominant kidney disease is associated with what extra-renal pathologies?
Berry aneurysms;
hepatic cysts;
mitral valve prolapse
A newborn presents with hypertension, portal hypertension, and markedly elevated creatinine; exam shows bilateral renal cysts and hepatic fibrosis.
What is the diagnosis?
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
What autosomal dominant disease results in atrophic kidneys, worsening renal failure, and medullary (but not cortical) renal cysts?
Medullary cystic kidney disease
Medullary cystic kidney disease leads to atrophic kidneys with cysts in which: the renal cortex or the renal medulla or both?
The medulla only
Identify which of the following congenital renal abnormalities results in worsening renal failure:
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
Medullary cystic kidney disease
All three
Acute renal failure is a severe _________ in kidney function that develops over a period of a few _____s.
Acute renal failure is a severe decrease in kidney function that develops over a period of a few days.
The hallmarks of acute renal failure include: ______emia, increased _______ and _______ (lab values), and (often) ____uria.
The hallmarks of acute renal failure include: azotemia, increased BUN and creatinine, and oliguria.
A patient presents with azotemia, increased BUN and creatinine, and oliguria. Her S/Sy have been increasing rapidly over the past few days.
What is the immediate diagnosis?
Acute renal failure
Acute renal failure can be divided into what three forms of azotemia (based on etiology)?
Prerenal
Intrarenal
Postrenal
Prerenal azotemia is a form of acute renal failure that most often occurs due to decreased what?
Renal blood flow
(e.g. due to cardiac failure)
Prerenal azotemia is a form of acute renal failure that often occurs due to __________ GFR.
Prerenal azotemia is a form of acute renal failure that often occurs due to decreased GFR.