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T2 - Phase 2 - Systems Modules (II) > Cardio - Exam Review > Flashcards

Cardio - Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

________ angina is a contraindication to stress testing.

A

Unstable angina is a contraindication to stress testing.

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2
Q

Name two ways a non-STEMI might present.

A
  1. ST depressions
  2. T wave inversions
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3
Q

Printzmetal angina vasospasms usually happen at night and/or early morning and are associated with what EKG changes?

A

Transient ST elevation

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4
Q

The mechanism of action of tyramine is that it is taken up into the neuron by _______, where it then causes catecholamine release.

A

The mechanism of action of tyramine is that it is taken up into the neuron by NET, where it then causes catecholamine release.

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5
Q

What substance stops tyramine from having its effect?

What substance exacerbates tyramine’s effect?

A

Cocaine

MAO inhibitors

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6
Q

Will grapefruit intake increase or decrease patient statin levels?

A

Increase

(Cyp 34A is blocked)

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7
Q

An EKG shows ST elevations in leads II, III, and aVF. This indicates an infarction in which vessel?

A

The RCA

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8
Q

An EKG shows ST elevations involving some of leads V1 - V6 and I and aVL. This indicates an infarction in which vessel?

A

The LCA

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9
Q

ST elevation of which leads would indicate an infarction of the RCA?

A

II, III, and aVF

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10
Q

ST elevation in some of which leads would indicate an infarction of the LCA?

A

V1 - V6

I, aVL

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11
Q

Post-MI AV block indicates an infarction of which vessel?

A

The RCA

(or a branch)

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12
Q

Post-MI left bundle branch block indicates an infarction of which vessel?

A

The LCA

(or a branch)

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13
Q

Post-MI right bundle branch block indicates an infarction of which vessel?

A

The LCA

(or a branch)

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14
Q

A newly appeared left bundle branch block should be treated as if it was what?

A

A STEMI

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15
Q

______ bundle branch blocks lead to widened S2 splitting.

______ bundle branch blocks lead to paradoxical S2​ splitting.

A

Right bundle branch blocks lead to widened S2 splitting.

Left bundle branch blocks lead to paradoxical S2​ splitting.

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16
Q

Automatic Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (AICD) are indicated in what patient population?

A

Those at high risk of sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation

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17
Q

What four medications/types are typically given post-MI?

A
  1. Statin
  2. Aspirin
  3. ACE inhibitor
  4. Beta blocker

(Drive away broken-hearted in your Saab)

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18
Q

The patient’s previous echo was normal. Now, three days after a STEMI, the echo showed hypokinesia of the inferior wall with severe mitral regurgitation. Which vessel was occluded?

A

The RCA

(supplies the inferior heart and a papillary muscle)

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19
Q

True/False

Some mutations in cardiac proteins (e.g. desmin, titin) can lead to dilated cardiomyopathies.

A

True.

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20
Q

Heart sounds:

Pitch is a function of ________.

Intensity (loudness) is a function of ________.

A

Heart sounds:

Pitch is a function of velocity.

Intensity (loudness) is a function of flow volume.

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21
Q

Given flow velocity, how is the aortic gradient (or pulmonary artery pressure) calculated?

(E.g. if the flow across the aortic valve is 5 m/s?)

A

P = 4 (velocity)2

(P = 4(5m/s)2 = 100 mmHg)

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22
Q

An aortic gradient of ≥ ____ mmHg means that the valve area is significantly narrowed and the patient is likely to have at least exertional symptoms.

A

An aortic gradient of ≥ 40 mmHg means that the valve area is significantly narrowed and the patient is likely to have at least exertional symptoms.

P = 4(velocity)2

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23
Q

True/False.

Infants with tetralogy of Fallot usually do not present with cyanosis at birth.

A

True.

24
Q

Which valvular defect is associated with coarctation of the aorta?

A

Bicuspid aortic valve

25
Q

Name two medications that can cause a lupus-like pericardial effusion.

A

Procainamide;

hydralazine

(also, isoniazid, methyldopa)

26
Q

Transplants are associated with both post-transplant vasculopathies and also post-transplant malignancies (especially __________________).

A

Transplants are associated with both post-transplant vasculopathies and also post-transplant malignancies (especially squamous cell carcinoma).

27
Q

Hypocalcemia is associated with what EKG change?

A

Shortened QT interval

28
Q

S1 occurs during what part of the EKG?

A

The QRS complex

29
Q

S2 occurs during what part of the EKG?

A

Just after the T wave

30
Q

Which EKG leads can be used to determine the heart’s axis quadrant?

A

I and aVF

31
Q

Normal axis quadrant:

QRS in lead I — _________

QRS in lead aVF — _________

A

Normal axis quadrant:

QRS in lead I — Upright

QRS in lead aVF — Upright

32
Q

Leftward axis quadrant:

QRS in lead I — _________

QRS in lead aVF — _________

A

Leftward axis quadrant:

QRS in lead I — Upright

QRS in lead aVF — Inverted

33
Q

Rightward axis quadrant:

QRS in lead I — _________

QRS in lead aVF — _________

A

Rightward axis quadrant:

QRS in lead I — Inverted

QRS in lead aVF — Upright

34
Q

___________ axis quadrant:

QRS in lead I — Upright

QRS in lead aVF — Upright

A

Normal axis quadrant:

QRS in lead I — Upright

QRS in lead aVF — Upright

35
Q

_________ axis quadrant:

QRS in lead I — Upright

QRS in lead aVF — Inverted

A

Leftward axis quadrant:

QRS in lead I — Upright

QRS in lead aVF — Inverted

36
Q

_________ axis quadrant:

QRS in lead I — Inverted

QRS in lead aVF — Upright

A

Rightward axis quadrant:

QRS in lead I — Inverted

QRS in lead aVF — Upright

37
Q

What ST and PR effects are seen on EKG in patients with acute pericarditis?

A

Diffuse, concave ST elevation;

PR depression

38
Q

Giant cell myocarditis is a rare __________ (etiology) disorder.

A

Giant cell myocarditis is a rare autoimmune disorder.

39
Q

What disorder is characterized by a buildup of atherosclerotic plaque in the distal aorta and the iliac arteries?

A

Leriche syndrome

(also known as aortoiliac occlusive disease)

40
Q

Mitral valve prolapse has a _________ duration of murmur with handgrip.

A

Mitral valve prolapse has a shorter duration of murmur with handgrip.

41
Q

What effect does handgrip have on the murmur of mitral regurgitation?

A

Increased intensity

42
Q

What disorder did Teegan (from elementary school) have?

A

Noonan syndrome

(scoliosis, short height, facial abnormalities, triangular shaped head, bleeding issues, cardiac defects)

43
Q

What type of material would be preferable for a young patient in need of cardiac valvular replacement?

A

Mechanical

44
Q

What type of material would be preferable for a patient in need of cardiac valvular replacement if the patient already needs to be on anticoagulation?

A

Mechanical

45
Q

What type of material would be preferable for an older patient in need of cardiac valvular replacement?

A

Tissue

(porcine or pericardial)

46
Q

What type of material would be preferable for a patient in need of cardiac valvular replacement if the patient cannot tolerate anticoagulation therapy?

A

Tissue

(porcine, pericardial)

47
Q

Are there any options for patients that need a valve replaced but are too sick to undergo traditional aortic valve replacement surgery?

A

Yes;

transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)

48
Q

What is heart failure classification A according to the AHA?

A

High-risk patient (without structural defects or symptoms)

49
Q

What is heart failure classification B according to the AHA?

A

Structural disease without symptoms

50
Q

What is heart failure classification C according to the AHA?

A

Structural heart disease with symptoms (prior or current)

51
Q

What is heart failure classification D according to the AHA?

A

Refractory to treatment

(requiring more specialized interventions)

52
Q

What is heart failure classification I according to the NYHA?

A

Asymptomatic

53
Q

What is heart failure classification II according to the NYHA?

A

Symptomatic with exertion

54
Q

What is heart failure classification III according to the NYHA?

A

Symptomatic with minimal exertion

55
Q

What is heart failure classification IV according to the NYHA?

A

Symptomatic at rest

56
Q

Which NHYA classes of heart failure are used to refer to an asymptomatic patient?

A

Class I only

57
Q

Which NHYA classes of heart failure are used to refer to a symptomatic patient?

A

Class II, III, and IV

(on exertion, on minimal exertion, and at rest)

T2 - Phase 2 - Systems Modules (II) (22 decks)

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