Renal and Urologic Systems Flashcards
What is the bladder lined with
epithelial cells and rugae
What kind of muscle is in the bladder
detruser muscle
What contains the upper urinary tract
kidneys and ureters
What contains the lower urinary tract
bladder and urethra
Detruser muscle
stretchy muscle in bladder
What part of the brain tells the sphincter to open
pons
What are ureters
muscular tubes
What is the outer layer of the ureters
retro peritoneal
Where do ureters do and where do they attach
transport urine and bottom of bladder
What do ureters use to transport urine
peristalsis
What is the capacity for the bladder
800 mL - 1L
Micturition
urination
Trigon
triangle between ureters and sphincter holes with smooth muscle (bottom of bladder)
Why is the trigon important
common site of infection
Common changes to the bladder related to aging
Stretchy reduces
Decrease in capacity
Weakness in pelvic floor muscles
How long is women’s urethra
3-4 cm
How long is men’s urethra
15-20 cm
Infection in bladder
Cystitis
Infection in urethra
urethritis
infection in kidneys
Pyelonephritis
Whos more at risk for a UTI?
older adults and women
Why are older adults more common to get a UTI?
reduced capacity
reduced cognitive functioning
more likely to be catheterized
Common risk factors on a UTI?
Close to vagina and rectum Sex Age Gender Immobility Catheter Decreased self care
Flank pain
back pain with UTI
Signs and symptoms of a UTI?
Confusion Malaise Fever Fatigue Urgency
Nephron
Main filtration unit of the kidney
What % urine
95% water
5% dissolved solids
How much blood does a kidney filter every day
180L
GFR
Glomerular filtration rate 125 mL of blood per minute
Age related changes to the kidneys
decreased in nephrons
decreased circulation
number of chronic conditions increase
Oliguria
Not peeing enough
5 major functions of the kidneys
Makes urine Regulates food balance and BP Helps body make vit. D for bones Manages pH Makes some hormones
How kidney creates urine (the four steps)
- Filtration - blood goes into the bowman’s capsule and takes out all waste
- Reabsorption - blood goes through the loop of henle and takes out any useful solutes (water) from filtrate and puts it back into blood
- Secretion - removal of any extra waste from blood and puts it in filtrate
- Excursion - blood returns to body and urine goes to collection duct
Renal calculi
kidney stones
hard masses of crystals
5 ways to get renal calculi out of the kidney
pass it lithotripsy percutaneous nephrolithotomy urteroscopy surgery
Signs and symptoms of renal calculi
flank pain, radiating pain to the abdomen, infection, obstructed urine flow
3 places renal calculi cause obstruction
renal pelvis
ureter
uretovesicular junction
When is renal calculi an emergency
anurea (can’t pee)
main issue of Chronic kidney disease
progressive nephron loss
main causes of CKD
diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis
First clinical indicator of CKD
GFR increase
What happens with nephron loss
increase in waste waiting to get filtrated
Symptoms of CKD
Confusion, nausea, vomiting, itchy, edema, heart failure, anemia
Treatment of CKD
Treating underlying cause
Lifestyle changes
Medications
ESRD
End stage renal disease
How is ESRD treated
kidney transplant or dialysis
