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Pathophysiology > Renal and Urologic Systems > Flashcards

Renal and Urologic Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the bladder lined with

A

epithelial cells and rugae

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2
Q

What kind of muscle is in the bladder

A

detruser muscle

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3
Q

What contains the upper urinary tract

A

kidneys and ureters

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4
Q

What contains the lower urinary tract

A

bladder and urethra

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5
Q

Detruser muscle

A

stretchy muscle in bladder

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6
Q

What part of the brain tells the sphincter to open

A

pons

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7
Q

What are ureters

A

muscular tubes

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8
Q

What is the outer layer of the ureters

A

retro peritoneal

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9
Q

Where do ureters do and where do they attach

A

transport urine and bottom of bladder

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10
Q

What do ureters use to transport urine

A

peristalsis

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11
Q

What is the capacity for the bladder

A

800 mL - 1L

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12
Q

Micturition

A

urination

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13
Q

Trigon

A

triangle between ureters and sphincter holes with smooth muscle (bottom of bladder)

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14
Q

Why is the trigon important

A

common site of infection

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15
Q

Common changes to the bladder related to aging

A

Stretchy reduces
Decrease in capacity
Weakness in pelvic floor muscles

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16
Q

How long is women’s urethra

A

3-4 cm

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17
Q

How long is men’s urethra

A

15-20 cm

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18
Q

Infection in bladder

A

Cystitis

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19
Q

Infection in urethra

A

urethritis

20
Q

infection in kidneys

A

Pyelonephritis

21
Q

Whos more at risk for a UTI?

A

older adults and women

22
Q

Why are older adults more common to get a UTI?

A

reduced capacity
reduced cognitive functioning
more likely to be catheterized

23
Q

Common risk factors on a UTI?

A 
Close to vagina and rectum 
Sex
Age
Gender
Immobility 
Catheter 
Decreased self care
24
Q

Flank pain

A

back pain with UTI

25
Q

Signs and symptoms of a UTI?

A 
Confusion 
Malaise
Fever
Fatigue
Urgency
26
Q

Nephron

A

Main filtration unit of the kidney

27
Q

What % urine

A

95% water

5% dissolved solids

28
Q

How much blood does a kidney filter every day

A

180L

29
Q

GFR

A

Glomerular filtration rate 125 mL of blood per minute

30
Q

Age related changes to the kidneys

A

decreased in nephrons
decreased circulation
number of chronic conditions increase

31
Q

Oliguria

A

Not peeing enough

32
Q

5 major functions of the kidneys

A 
Makes urine
Regulates food balance and BP
Helps body make vit. D for bones
Manages pH
Makes some hormones
33
Q

How kidney creates urine (the four steps)

A
  1. Filtration - blood goes into the bowman’s capsule and takes out all waste
  2. Reabsorption - blood goes through the loop of henle and takes out any useful solutes (water) from filtrate and puts it back into blood
  3. Secretion - removal of any extra waste from blood and puts it in filtrate
  4. Excursion - blood returns to body and urine goes to collection duct
34
Q

Renal calculi

A

kidney stones

hard masses of crystals

35
Q

5 ways to get renal calculi out of the kidney

A 
pass it
lithotripsy 
percutaneous nephrolithotomy 
urteroscopy 
surgery
36
Q

Signs and symptoms of renal calculi

A

flank pain, radiating pain to the abdomen, infection, obstructed urine flow

37
Q

3 places renal calculi cause obstruction

A

renal pelvis
ureter
uretovesicular junction

38
Q

When is renal calculi an emergency

A

anurea (can’t pee)

39
Q

main issue of Chronic kidney disease

A

progressive nephron loss

40
Q

main causes of CKD

A

diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis

41
Q

First clinical indicator of CKD

A

GFR increase

42
Q

What happens with nephron loss

A

increase in waste waiting to get filtrated

43
Q

Symptoms of CKD

A

Confusion, nausea, vomiting, itchy, edema, heart failure, anemia

44
Q

Treatment of CKD

A

Treating underlying cause
Lifestyle changes
Medications

45
Q

ESRD

A

End stage renal disease

46
Q

How is ESRD treated

A

kidney transplant or dialysis

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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