Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Functions of the CVS
Delivers O2 and nutrients to tissues
Removes waste
Transports hormones
2 branches of the CVS
Systemic and pulmonary
Systemic
carries blood throughout the body
Arteries, veins, and capillaries
Pulmonary
carries blood to and from the lungs
Pericardium
surrounds the heart to provide protection and support
Myocardium
cardiac muscle
Endocardium
inner structures
4 chambers
2 atria and 2 ventricles
Conduction system
organizes electrical impulses in the cardiac cells
excitability
ability of the cells to respond to electrical impulses
Conductivity
ability of the cells to conduct an electrical impulse
Automaticity
ability for cells to generate and contract with no external nerve impulse
Dysrhythmias
abnormal electrical activity
Blood pressure
force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels
reflects how hard the heart is working
Systemic
top number
cardiac work phase
Diastolic
bottom number
cardiac rest phase
Afterload
pressure needed to eject the blood
Preload
amount of blood returning
Arteries
carries oxygenated blood away from heart
Veins
carries deoxygenated blood to the heart
3 layers of blood vessels
tunica intima tunica media (muscle) tunica adeventita (elastic layer)
Pericarditis
Decreased BP
Increased HR initially Inflammation of the pericardium
Fluid accumulation
Infective endocarditis
vegetation forms on internal structures and creates small thrombi
Stenosis
narrowing of the valves
decreased cardiac output increased cardio workload
Regurgitation
insufficient closure
back flow
decreased output and increased workload
Heart failure
inadequate pumping decreased cardiac output Increased afterload and preload Compensatory mechanisms will be activated Chronic or acute
Types of heart failure
Systolic diastolic mixed left sided right sided
Systolic heart failure
decreased contractility
Diastolic heart failure
decreased filling
Mixed
both systolic and diastolic
Left sided heart failure
Cardiac output fails
blood backs up into the pulmonary circulation
Right sided failure
blood backs up into the systemic circulation
Thrombosis
stationary blood clot
Emboli
travelling body
Aneurysms
Weakening of an artery
Can rupture
Atherosclerosis
Thickening and hardening of the arterial wall
chronic inflammatory disease
Lesions on vessel wall and calcify
Peripheral vascular disease
Narrowing of the peripheral vessels
Coronary artery disease
Atherosclerosis changes of the coronary arteries
Impairs myocardial tissue perfusion
Angina
chest pain
Infarction
necrotic damage to myocardium
Myocardial infarction
death of the myocardium
blood flood is blocked
heart attack
Lymphedema
Swelling due to lymph destruction
Primary lymphedema
rare and congenital
Secondary lymphedema
caused by a surgery, radiation, cancer, etc
Hypertension
Prolonged elevation of BP
Excessive cardiac workload
increased afterload
Primary hypertension
most common
gradually developes
Secondary hypertension
Sudden and severe
Caused by another disease
Shock
Decreased blood volume or circulatory stagnation
Inadequate tissue and organ perfusion
Compensatory shock
sympathetic nervous system is activated
Preogressive shock
Compensatory fails
Tissues become hypoxic
Irreversible shock
Organ damage occurs
5 types of shock
- Distributive Neurogenic
- Distributive septic
- Distributive Anaphylactic
- Cardiogenic
- Hypovolemic
Neurogenic shock
loss of sympathetic tone and automatic function
Massive vasodilation
Septic shock
Bacterial endotoxins activate in immune reaction
Anaphylactic
Allergic reaction
Cardiogenic shock
left ventricle cannot maintain adequate cardiac output
Hypovolemic shock
Venous return reduces because of external blood volume lesions
Myocardial Ischema
injury and decreased blood flow to cardiac muscle
