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Pathophysiology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the CVS

A

Delivers O2 and nutrients to tissues
Removes waste
Transports hormones

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2
Q

2 branches of the CVS

A

Systemic and pulmonary

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3
Q

Systemic

A

carries blood throughout the body

Arteries, veins, and capillaries

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4
Q

Pulmonary

A

carries blood to and from the lungs

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5
Q

Pericardium

A

surrounds the heart to provide protection and support

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6
Q

Myocardium

A

cardiac muscle

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7
Q

Endocardium

A

inner structures

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8
Q

4 chambers

A

2 atria and 2 ventricles

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9
Q

Conduction system

A

organizes electrical impulses in the cardiac cells

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10
Q

excitability

A

ability of the cells to respond to electrical impulses

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11
Q

Conductivity

A

ability of the cells to conduct an electrical impulse

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12
Q

Automaticity

A

ability for cells to generate and contract with no external nerve impulse

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13
Q

Dysrhythmias

A

abnormal electrical activity

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14
Q

Blood pressure

A

force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels

reflects how hard the heart is working

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15
Q

Systemic

A

top number

cardiac work phase

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16
Q

Diastolic

A

bottom number

cardiac rest phase

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17
Q

Afterload

A

pressure needed to eject the blood

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18
Q

Preload

A

amount of blood returning

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19
Q

Arteries

A

carries oxygenated blood away from heart

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20
Q

Veins

A

carries deoxygenated blood to the heart

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21
Q

3 layers of blood vessels

A 
tunica intima
tunica media (muscle)
tunica adeventita (elastic layer)
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22
Q

Pericarditis

A

Decreased BP
Increased HR initially Inflammation of the pericardium
Fluid accumulation

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23
Q

Infective endocarditis

A

vegetation forms on internal structures and creates small thrombi

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24
Q

Stenosis

A

narrowing of the valves

decreased cardiac output increased cardio workload

25
Q

Regurgitation

A

insufficient closure
back flow
decreased output and increased workload

26
Q

Heart failure

A 
inadequate pumping 
decreased cardiac output 
Increased afterload and preload 
Compensatory mechanisms will be activated 
Chronic or acute
27
Q

Types of heart failure

A 
Systolic
diastolic
mixed
left sided
right sided
28
Q

Systolic heart failure

A

decreased contractility

29
Q

Diastolic heart failure

A

decreased filling

30
Q

Mixed

A

both systolic and diastolic

31
Q

Left sided heart failure

A

Cardiac output fails

blood backs up into the pulmonary circulation

32
Q

Right sided failure

A

blood backs up into the systemic circulation

33
Q

Thrombosis

A

stationary blood clot

34
Q

Emboli

A

travelling body

35
Q

Aneurysms

A

Weakening of an artery

Can rupture

36
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Thickening and hardening of the arterial wall
chronic inflammatory disease
Lesions on vessel wall and calcify

37
Q

Peripheral vascular disease

A

Narrowing of the peripheral vessels

38
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

Atherosclerosis changes of the coronary arteries

Impairs myocardial tissue perfusion

39
Q

Angina

A

chest pain

40
Q

Infarction

A

necrotic damage to myocardium

41
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

death of the myocardium
blood flood is blocked
heart attack

42
Q

Lymphedema

A

Swelling due to lymph destruction

43
Q

Primary lymphedema

A

rare and congenital

44
Q

Secondary lymphedema

A

caused by a surgery, radiation, cancer, etc

45
Q

Hypertension

A

Prolonged elevation of BP
Excessive cardiac workload
increased afterload

46
Q

Primary hypertension

A

most common

gradually developes

47
Q

Secondary hypertension

A

Sudden and severe

Caused by another disease

48
Q

Shock

A

Decreased blood volume or circulatory stagnation

Inadequate tissue and organ perfusion

49
Q

Compensatory shock

A

sympathetic nervous system is activated

50
Q

Preogressive shock

A

Compensatory fails

Tissues become hypoxic

51
Q

Irreversible shock

A

Organ damage occurs

52
Q

5 types of shock

A
  1. Distributive Neurogenic
  2. Distributive septic
  3. Distributive Anaphylactic
  4. Cardiogenic
  5. Hypovolemic
53
Q

Neurogenic shock

A

loss of sympathetic tone and automatic function

Massive vasodilation

54
Q

Septic shock

A

Bacterial endotoxins activate in immune reaction

55
Q

Anaphylactic

A

Allergic reaction

56
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

left ventricle cannot maintain adequate cardiac output

57
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

Venous return reduces because of external blood volume lesions

58
Q

Myocardial Ischema

A

injury and decreased blood flow to cardiac muscle

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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