Cell Function and Oncology Flashcards
Why do cells adapt?
Respond to stress
Maintain homeostasis
5 main ways cells adapt
- Hypertrophy (more cell production for an organ or tissue)
- Atrophy
- Hyperplasia (more cell growth)
- Metaplasia (abnormal change in tissue)
- Dysplasia (different type of cell growth in an abnormal area)
trophy
Nourishment
plasia
growth
Where do all cells come from?
Stem cells
What is in the nucleus
DNA
Proliferation
Rapid reproduction
Mitosis
Type of reproduction of cells
Differentiation
Specialized cells
Gene expression
Brings out n appearance and function in a cell
What are daughter cells
identical
Apoptosis
falling off (cell death)
Phagocyte
What will consume a dead cell
Abnormal cell death
when the cell bursts
Necrotic tissue
Dead tissue
Gangrene
When bacteria and necrosis happen together.
No O2 so spreads easily (no blood flow)
Oncogenes
When a cell doesn’t die but has mutated DNA
Dysplasia
Cell mutates
May change in shape and structure
Still has special function
Still reversible
Premotor
Encourages a damaged or mutated cell to multiply
Neoplasm
Not cancer
Cell growth that doesn’t respond to regulatory processes
Anaplasia
Cell mutated and has lost special function
Hallmark of malignancy
Tumor
Bunch of cells that don’t respond to normal functions
Can be benign or malignant
How often does cell damage occur in the body
All the time
Most damage is handled
Percentage of cancer in men and women
42% of women
45% men
4 most common cancers
Breast, prostate, colorectal, lung
Some risk factors
Genes, Radiation, oncoviruses, carcinogens, hormones, aging, immune system, and lifestyle (smoking, lack of exercise, poor diet, obesity)
Benign
Differentiated cells
Does not metastasize (localized)
Growth rate is slow
Can cause damage through compression, obstruction, or distension
Malignant
Undifferentiated cells
Does metastasize
Growth rate is rapid
Causes damage by destroying surrounding tissue
The tumor’s ability to survive
O2 and nutrition
Angiogenesis
Growth of new blood cells
Tumor will secrete substances to get more blood vessels
2 ways to diagnose cancer
Tumor markers (blood tests) Histology and cytology (ex.biopsy)
3 ways a malignant cell can spread
Transcoelomic (penetrating a body cavity)
Hematogenous (through blood)
Lymphatic (through the lymphatic system)
Grading
Grade the degree of differentiation
**differentiated is good
Staging
Extent of the disease (1-4)
- size of tumor
- lymph node involvement
- metastasize
Future of cancer treatment
testing target specific cells
personalized treatment because everyones cancer is different and each cell is different
Optimal goal for cancer treatment
Killing cancerous cells and preserving healthy ones
Surgical treatment for cancer
Removing the tumor Amputate Biopsy Prophylaxis Reconstruction
Radiation
Local tumor
Destroys all cells in that area
Must be immobile
Chemo
Not localized
Affects every cell in your body
Attacks fast multiplying cells
Prognosis
Likelihood of curing the disease
Remission
No physical signs of cancer cells
Relapse
Cancer returns after treatment in another part of the body
Cured
Remission for more than 5 years
2 objectives fro supporting a client
Minimize side effects
Promote a healthy lifestyle
Refractory
Not responding to treatment
