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Pathophysiology > Cell Function and Oncology > Flashcards

Cell Function and Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Why do cells adapt?

A

Respond to stress

Maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

5 main ways cells adapt

A
  1. Hypertrophy (more cell production for an organ or tissue)
  2. Atrophy
  3. Hyperplasia (more cell growth)
  4. Metaplasia (abnormal change in tissue)
  5. Dysplasia (different type of cell growth in an abnormal area)
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3
Q

trophy

A

Nourishment

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4
Q

plasia

A

growth

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5
Q

Where do all cells come from?

A

Stem cells

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6
Q

What is in the nucleus

A

DNA

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7
Q

Proliferation

A

Rapid reproduction

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8
Q

Mitosis

A

Type of reproduction of cells

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9
Q

Differentiation

A

Specialized cells

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10
Q

Gene expression

A

Brings out n appearance and function in a cell

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11
Q

What are daughter cells

A

identical

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12
Q

Apoptosis

A

falling off (cell death)

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13
Q

Phagocyte

A

What will consume a dead cell

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14
Q

Abnormal cell death

A

when the cell bursts

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15
Q

Necrotic tissue

A

Dead tissue

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16
Q

Gangrene

A

When bacteria and necrosis happen together.

No O2 so spreads easily (no blood flow)

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17
Q

Oncogenes

A

When a cell doesn’t die but has mutated DNA

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18
Q

Dysplasia

A

Cell mutates
May change in shape and structure
Still has special function
Still reversible

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19
Q

Premotor

A

Encourages a damaged or mutated cell to multiply

20
Q

Neoplasm

A

Not cancer

Cell growth that doesn’t respond to regulatory processes

21
Q

Anaplasia

A

Cell mutated and has lost special function

Hallmark of malignancy

22
Q

Tumor

A

Bunch of cells that don’t respond to normal functions

Can be benign or malignant

23
Q

How often does cell damage occur in the body

A

All the time

Most damage is handled

24
Q

Percentage of cancer in men and women

A

42% of women

45% men

25
Q

4 most common cancers

A

Breast, prostate, colorectal, lung

26
Q

Some risk factors

A

Genes, Radiation, oncoviruses, carcinogens, hormones, aging, immune system, and lifestyle (smoking, lack of exercise, poor diet, obesity)

27
Q

Benign

A

Differentiated cells
Does not metastasize (localized)
Growth rate is slow
Can cause damage through compression, obstruction, or distension

28
Q

Malignant

A

Undifferentiated cells
Does metastasize
Growth rate is rapid
Causes damage by destroying surrounding tissue

29
Q

The tumor’s ability to survive

A

O2 and nutrition

30
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Growth of new blood cells

Tumor will secrete substances to get more blood vessels

31
Q

2 ways to diagnose cancer

A 
Tumor markers (blood tests)
Histology and cytology (ex.biopsy)
32
Q

3 ways a malignant cell can spread

A

Transcoelomic (penetrating a body cavity)
Hematogenous (through blood)
Lymphatic (through the lymphatic system)

33
Q

Grading

A

Grade the degree of differentiation

**differentiated is good

34
Q

Staging

A

Extent of the disease (1-4)

  1. size of tumor
  2. lymph node involvement
  3. metastasize
35
Q

Future of cancer treatment

A

testing target specific cells

personalized treatment because everyones cancer is different and each cell is different

36
Q

Optimal goal for cancer treatment

A

Killing cancerous cells and preserving healthy ones

37
Q

Surgical treatment for cancer

A 
Removing the tumor 
Amputate
Biopsy
Prophylaxis 
Reconstruction
38
Q

Radiation

A

Local tumor
Destroys all cells in that area
Must be immobile

39
Q

Chemo

A

Not localized
Affects every cell in your body
Attacks fast multiplying cells

40
Q

Prognosis

A

Likelihood of curing the disease

41
Q

Remission

A

No physical signs of cancer cells

42
Q

Relapse

A

Cancer returns after treatment in another part of the body

43
Q

Cured

A

Remission for more than 5 years

44
Q

2 objectives fro supporting a client

A

Minimize side effects

Promote a healthy lifestyle

45
Q

Refractory

A

Not responding to treatment

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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