Renal

Question 1

What shifts K into cells?

Answer 1

Hypo-osmolarity
Alkalosis
B-adrenergic agonist
Insulin

Question 2

What shift K out of cells?

causes of hyperK

Answer 2

Opposite of what shifts them in:
- Hyperosmolarity
- High sugar (lack of insulin)
- B-blockers
- Acidosis
Also:
- lysis of cells
- syccinylcholine

Question 3

Triad of milk-alkali syndrome

Answer 3

Hypercalcemia
Metabolic alkalosis
Renal failure

Question 4

Causes of non-anion gap met acidosis

Answer 4

HARDASS:

• Hyperalimentation
• Addison ds
• Renal tubular acidosis
• Diarrhea
• Acetazolamide
• Spironolactone
• Saline infusion

Question 5

Causes of anion-gap met acidosis

Answer 5

MUDPILES

• methanol
• uraemia
• DKA
• proplyene glycol
• Iron tablets/INH
• lactic acidosis
• ethylene glycol
• salicylates (late)

Question 6

Tumours in VHL disease

Answer 6

Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL deletion on chromo 3)
HARP
- haemangioblastomas (retina, brainstem, cerebellum)
- Angiomatosis
- bilat Renal cell CAs
- Pheochromocytomas

Question 7

Causes of acute interstitial nephritis

Answer 7

P’s:

• Pee (diuretics)
• Pain-free (NSAIDS)
• Penicillins and cephalosporins
• Proton pump inhibitors
• RifamPin

Question 8

Causes of acute tubular necrosis

Answer 8

• Ischemic: shock, sepsis, hemorrhage, HF
• Nephrotoxic: toxic substances (aminoglycosides, contrast dye, cysplatin, lead, ethylene glycol, uric acid), myoglobunuria (crush injury), hemoglobinuria

Question 9

Causes of renal papillary necrosis

Answer 9

“SAAD papa with papillary necrosis”

• Sickle cell ds or trait
• Acute pyelonephritis
• Analgesia (NSAIDS)
• Diabetes mellitus

Question 10

Consequences of renal failure

Answer 10

MAD HUNGER

• Metabolic Acidosis
• Dyslipidemia
• Hyperkalaemia
• Uremia (nausea and anorexia, pericarditis, asterixis, encephalopathy, platelet dysfunction)
• Na/H20 retention (HF, pulm oedema, HPT)
• Growth retardation and developmental delay
• Erythropoietin failure
• Renal osteodystrophy

Question 11

Causes of transitional cell CA

Answer 11

problems in you “Pee SAC”

• Phenacetin
• Smoking
• Aniline dyes
• Cyclophosphamide

Question 12

Drugs that decrease uric acid excretion

Answer 12

• Diuretics (HCTZ, furosemide)
• Salicylates (low dose aspirin)
• ACE-inhibitors
• cyclosporine