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USMLE Step 1 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

3 types of ingested seafood toxins and their fishes

A

Tetrodotoxin - pufferfish
Ciguatoxin - reef fish (barracuda, snapper, moray eel)
Histamine (scombroid poisoning) - spoiled dark-meat fish (tuna, mackerel)

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2
Q

Tetrodotoxin:

  • mechanism of action
  • sx
A
  • binds fast V-gated Na channels –> prevent depol

- Nausea, diarrhea, paresthesia, weakness, loss of reflexes

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3
Q

Ciguatoxin:

  • mechanism of action
  • sx
A
  • opens Na channels –> depol

- N&V, diarrhea, numbness, hot/cold reversal, brady, heart block

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4
Q

Histamine (scombroid poisoning)

  • mechanism of action
  • sx
A
  • bacterial histidine decarboxylase converts histidine –> histamine
  • sx = anaphylaxis, burning in mouth, flushing, erythema, urticaria, itching, bronchospasm, angioedema, hypotension
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5
Q

Antidote for arsenic

A

Dimercaprol, succimer

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6
Q

Antidote for anticholinergic agents (eg atropine) overdose

A

Physostigmine

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7
Q

Antidote for copper

A

Penicillamine “copper penny”

Trientine

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8
Q

Antidote for cyanide

A

Nitrite + thiosulfate

hydroxycobalamin

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9
Q

Antidote for digitalis and heparin

A

Anti-dig Fab fragments

protamine sulfate

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10
Q

Antidote for Fe toxicity

A

Deferoxamine
Deferasirox
Deferiprone

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11
Q

Antidote for Lead poisoning

A

EDTA, dimercaprol, succimer, penicillamine

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12
Q

Antidote for methanol, ethylene glycol

A

Fomepizole > ethanol, dialysis

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13
Q

Antidote for methemoglobin

A

methylene blue, vit C

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14
Q

Antidote for salicylates and TCAs

A

NaHCO3 (alkalinize urine), dialysis (for salicylate)

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15
Q

Slow acetylators of isoniazid also metabolise which other drugs slowly?

A

Dapsone
Hydralazine
Procainamide

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16
Q

Outline the Beer’s Criteria and the types of drugs to avoid

A

Criteria for identifying drugs requiring caution in geriatric px. Reduce inappropriate prescribing and polypharmacy.

  • Anticholinergics, antihistamines, antidepressants, benzos, opioids (risk of delirium, sedation, falls, constipation and urinary retention)
  • alpha blockers, centrally-acting alpha-2-agonists (hypotension)
  • PPIs (C-difficile risk)
  • NSAIDs (GI bleed)
17
Q

Type of adverse drug reactions

A 
Type A - predictable
Type B
- Exaggerated sensitivity (eg tinnitus after single aspirin)
- Idiosyncratic
- Immunologic
18
Q

Drugs that cause drug-induced lupus erythematosis

A 
Hydralazine
Procainamide
Isoniazid
Minocycline
Quinidine

USMLE Step 1 (11 decks)

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