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USMLE Step 1 > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Bugs that do not Gram stain well

A

“These Little Microbes May Unfortunately Lack Real Colour But Are Everywhere”

  • Treponema, Leptospira (too thin)
  • Mycobacteria (cell wall high lipid)
  • Mycoplasma, ureaplasma (no cell wall)
  • Legionella, Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Bartonella, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia (intracellular)
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2
Q

Bugs that stain with Giemsa stain

A

“Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience”

  • Chlamydia
  • Borrelia
  • Rickettsia
  • Trypanosomes
  • Plasmodium
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3
Q

Which stain stains glycogen and mucopolysaccharides?

Used to diagnose which disease?

A

“PaSs the sugar”
Periodic acid-Schiff stain
- Whipple disease: Tropheryma whipplei

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4
Q

Ziehl-Neelsen stain used for:

A

Acid-fast bacilli (also auramine-rhodamine stain)
- Mycobacteria, Nocardia
Protozoa
- Cryptosporidium

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5
Q

Indian ink stain used for? Alternative?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

Also mucicarmine - stains thick polysaccharide capsule red

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6
Q

Silver stain used for:

A
  • Fungi (coccidioides, PJP)
  • Legionella
  • H pylori
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7
Q

Which fluorescent Ab stain used to stain syphilis?

A

FTA-ABS

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8
Q

2 properties of growth agars and eg of each

A
  • Selective media: favours growth of one org eg Thayer Martin agar selects for Neisseria
  • Indicator (differential) media: yields colour change in resp to metabolism of certain org eg MacConkey agar = pH indicator (detects E. coli - lactose fermenter –> lactic acid)
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9
Q

Chocolate agar cultures:

A

H influenza

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10
Q

Thayer-Martin agar contains what and cultures which organism:

A

Cultures N gonorrhoeae and N meningitidis
“Very Typically Cultures Neisseria”
- Vancomycin inhibits Gram +ve org
- Trimethoprim, colistin inhibit Gram -ve besides Neisseria
- Nystatin inhibits fungi

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11
Q

B pertussis is cultured on which media

A

Bordet-Gengou (bordet for Bordetella)

Regan-Lowe

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12
Q

C diphteriae cultured on which media

A

Tellurite agar

Loffler medium

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13
Q

Lowenstein-Jensen agar cultures which organism

A

M Tb

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14
Q

Eaton agar used for which organism

A

M pneumoniae

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15
Q

Lactose-fermenting enterics cultured with

A

MacConkey agar

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16
Q

E coli cultured with

A

Eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar

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17
Q

Sabouraud agar used for:

A

Fungi

“Sab’s a fun guy!”

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18
Q

Examples of aerobes

A

“Nagging Pests Must Breathe”
Nocardia
Pseudomonas
MycoBacterium TB

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19
Q

Examples of anaerobes

A

Anaerobes “Can’t Breathe Fresh Air”

  • Clostridium
  • Bacteriodes
  • Fusobacterium
  • Actinomyces
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20
Q

Examples of obligate intracellular bugs

A

stay inside when it’s “Really CHilly and COld”

  • Rickettsia
  • Chlamydia
  • Coxiella
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21
Q

Examples of Facultative intracellular bugs

A

“Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY”

  • Salmonella
  • Neisseria
  • Brucella
  • Mycobacterium
  • Listeria
  • Francisella
  • Legionella
  • Yersinia pestis
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22
Q

Examples of encapsulated bacteria

A

“Please SHINE my SKiS”

  • Pseudomonas
  • Strep pneumo
  • H influenza type B
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • E coli
  • Salmonella
  • Klebsiella
  • group B Strep
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23
Q

List the urease positive orgs

A

“Pee CHUNKSS” - predispose to struvite stones

  • proteus
  • cryptococcus
  • H pylori
  • ureaplasma
  • nocardia
  • klebsiella
  • S epidermidis
  • S saprophyticus
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24
Q

Eg of catalase positive bugs and clinical significance

A

“Cats Need PLACESS to Belch their Hairballs”

  • Nocardia
  • Pseudomonas
  • Listeria
  • Aspergillus
  • Candida
  • E coli
  • Staphylococci
  • Serratia
  • B cepacia
  • H pylori

Cx recurrent infections in Chronic Granulomatous Disease (NAPDH oxidase deficiency)

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25
5 A's of Klebsiella
``` Aspiration pneumonia Abscesses Alcoholics di-A-betics currAnt jelly sputum ```
26
4 D's of botulism
Diplopia Dysarthria Dysphagia Dyspnoea
27
Pseudomonas associated with:
PSEUDOMONAS - P-neumona, pyocyanin - S-epsis - Ecthyma gangrenosum - UTI - Diabetes, drugs (IV) - Osteomyelitis - Mucoid polysaccharide capsule - Otitis externa - Nosocomial infections - exotoxin A - Skin infection (hot tub folliculitis)
28
Treatments for pseudomonas
CAMPFIRE - Carbapenems - Aminoglycosides - Monobactams - Polymyxins (polymyxin B, colistin) - Fluoroquinolones - thIRD and 4th gen cephalosporins - Extended spectrum penicillins (piperacillin, ticarcillin)
29
VDRL false positives
VDRL - Viral infections (EBV, hepatitis) - Drugs - Rheumatic fever - Lupus and leprosy
30
Rash on palms and soles suggestive of:
"drive CARS with palms and soles" - Coxsackievirus A - Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever - Syphilis (secondary)
31
Rare rashes transmitted via ticks
"MEGA berry" - Monocytes with morulae - Ehrlichiosis - Granulocyte with morulae - Anaplasmosis
32
Which nematode causes obstructive symptoms (and where)?
Giant roundworm (ascaris lumbricoides) - ileocecal valve - biliary obstruct - intestitinal perforation
33
Which nematode causes anaemia? | What's the cutaneous condition called?
Hookworms (ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus) - sucks blood from intestinal wall Cutaneous larva migrans
34
Which nematode mimics peptic ulcer symptoms?
Threadworm (strongyloides stercoralis) | - vomiting, diarrhoea, epigastric pain
35
Which nematode causes muscle inflammation
Trichinella spiralis - Trichinosis - fever, vomiting, nausea, periorbital oedema, myalgia - from undercooked meat (pork)
36
Treatment of head/pubic lice
Pyrethroids, malathion, ivermectin lotion
37
Micro-organisms that cause rashes in hands and feet
``` Syphilis Rickettsia rickettii (Rocky Mountain spotted fever) Coxsackie A (Hand Foot and Mouth disease) ```
38
Clinical manifestations of Coxsackie B
Dilated cardiomyopathy Bornholm's disease/pleurodynia (Devil's Grip) - usually unilateral lower pleuritic chest pain
39
How to inactivate Hep A virus (in water)
Chlorinated Bleached UV irradiated Boiled 85 deg for 1min
40
What/where are calicivirus (norovirus) commonly transmitted?
Cruises Day cares/schools Shellfish
41
Features of congenital rubella
ID, microcephaly, congenital cataracts, blindness, deafness, PDA, pulmonary stenosis, jaundice, purpuric blueberry muffin rash, radiolucent bone lesions
42
HIV infections in CD4 <500
``` Candida - oral thrush EBV - oral hairy leukoplakia Bartonella henselae - bacillary angiomatosis HHV-8 - Kaposi sarcoma HPV - squamous cell CA (anus/cervix) ```
43
HIV infections in CD4 <200
Histoplasma capsulatum - histoplasmosis HIV dementia JC virus reactivation - Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy Pneumocystis jirovecii - PCP
44
HIV infections in CD4 <100
``` Aspergillosis Oesophageal candidiasis CMV - retinitis, oesophagitis, colitis, pneumonitis, encephalitis Cryptococcal meningitis Cryptosporidium spp - chronic diarrhoea EBV - B cell lymphoma Mycobacterium avium comples Toxoplasmosis - brain abscess ```
45
List the segmented viruses
``` BOAR Bunyavirus Orthomyxovirus Arenavirus Reovirus ```
46
Features of Reye's syndrome
``` Rapidly progressing encephalitis Fever Vomiting CNS sx - personality changes, confusion, seizures LOC Fatty liver ```
47
Common cx of pneumonia in neonates (<4wks)
E coli | Group B strep
48
Common cx of pneumonia in children (4wk - 18yo)
``` Viruses (RSV) Mycoplasma Chlamydia trachomatis (infants - 3yr) Chlamydophila pneumoniae (school-aged) Strep pneumo ``` "Runts May Cough Chunky Sputum"
49
Common cx of pneumonia in young adults (18-40yr)
Mycoplasma C pneumoniae S pneumoniae Viruses (eg influenza)
50
Common cx of pneumonia in older adults (40-65yo)
``` S pneumoniae H influenza Anaerobes Viruses Mycoplasma ```
51
Common cx of pneumonia in elderly
``` S pneumonia Influenza virus Anaerobes H influenza Gram neg rods ```
52
Common cx of meningitis in newborns (0-6mo)
Group B strep E coli Listeria
53
Common cx of meningitis in children (6mo - 6yr)
S pneumoniae N meningitides H influenzae type B Enteroviruses
54
Common cx of meningitis in 6-60yos
S pneumoniae N meningitides HSV Enteroviruses
55
Common cx of meningitis in >60yos
S pneumonia Gram neg rods Listeria
56
What is Bornholm disease
"devil's grip" - epidemic pleurodynia. Severe, unilateral pleuritic pain in lower chest
57
Classic triad of congenital toxoplasmosis
Chorioretinitis Hydrocephalus (with seizures) Intracranial calcifications
58
Findings in Dengue fever + mode of transmission
- Acute febrile illness with headache, retro-orbital pain, joint and muscle pain - Haemorrhage (petechiae, purpura, epistaxis, melena) - thrombocytopenia - leukopenia - hemoconcentration -Aedes mosquito
59
4 D's of botulism
Diplopia Dysarthria Dysphagia Dyspnoea
60
Outline some NB components of cell walls for Gram +/-, mycobacteria and fungi
- N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine: peptidoglycan layer in both G+ and G- - Teichoic acid: G+ bacteria only - LPS: Gram -ve bacteria - mycolic acid: acid fast bacilli (mycobaceria and nocardia) - Fungi: ergosterol
61
Genes of which bacterial toxins are encoded in the lysogenic phage?
ABCD'S - group A strep erythrogenic toxin - Botulinum toxin - Cholera toxin - Diphtheria toxin - Shiga toxin
62
Features of disseminated gonococcal infection
``` Triad of: - Polyarthralgia - Tenosynovitis - Dermatitis (painless pustules at extremities) Also: purulent arthritis Diagnosed on Thayer-Martin media ```
63
Features of invasive non-typhoidal salmonella
Osteomyelitis Mycotic aneurysm Endocarditis Visceral abscesses
64
Triad of hemolytic uremic syndrome
Renal insufficiency Thrombocytopenia Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

USMLE Step 1 (11 decks)

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