Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

USMLE Step 1 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Drug causes of prolonged QT interval

A

ABCDE

  • AntiArrythmics (class IA, III)
  • AntiBiotics (eg macrolide)
  • Anti”C”ychotics (eg haloperidol)
  • AntiDepressants (eg TCAs)
  • AntiEmetics (eg ondansetron)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Causes of prolonged QT interval

A

Drugs
HypoK
HypoMg
Congenital abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Features of Brugada syndrome

A
  • AD disorder common in Asian males
  • Pseudo-RBBB and ST-elevations in V1-3
  • increased risk of VT and sudden cardiac death
  • prevent SCD with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sudden cardiac death

  • definition
  • causes
A 
Unexpected death due to cardiac disease; without sx or <1 hr since onset of sx
Fatal ventricular arrhythmia caused by:
- Acute ischemia 
- Mitral valve prolapse
- Cardiomyopathy
- Cocaine abuse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Complications of acute infarction (<24hrs)

A

Cardiogenic shock
CCF
Arrhythmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Complications of MI (1 week)

A 
1-3 days: neutrophils = fibrinous pericarditis (only in transmural infarcts)
4-7 days: macrophages = rupture of:
- ventricular free wall
- interventricular septum
- papillary muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Complications of chronic MI (months)

A

Seen with fibrous scar formation:

  • aneurysm
  • mural thrombus
  • Dressler syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How to tell if AS cx by “wear & tear” vs by RHD

A

Coexistence of MS and fusion of commissures in RHD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Complications of MS

A

Dilatation of LA cx:

  • Pulmonary congestion: edema and alveolar macrophages
  • Pulm HPT –> RHF
  • AF –> mural thrombi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Key organism cx endocarditis in:

  • prosthetic valves
  • colorectal CA
A
  • strep epidermidis

- strep bovis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy

A 
Amyloidosis
Sarcoidosis
Haemochromatosis
Endocardial fibroelastosis
Loeffler syndrome (endomyocardial fibrosis with eosinophilic infiltrate and eosinophilia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is rhabdomyoma associated with?

A

Rhabdomyoma = benign hamartoma

Assoc with tuberous sclerosis in children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Common mets to heart:

A

Lung CA
Breast CA
Melanoma
Lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T21 associated with which cardiac lesions:

A

Endocardial cushion defects eg ostium primum ASD, VSD, AVSD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cardiac lesions assoc with DiGeorge’s

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

Interrupted aortic arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cardiac lesion assoc with Friedreich Ataxia

A 
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
(mutations in Frataxin - mitochondrial protein NB in Fe homeostasis and resp function)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cardiac lesion assoc with Marfan’s

A

Cystic medial necrosis (eg aortic dissection & aneurysm)

Mitral valve prolapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cardiac lesions assoc with tuberous sclerosis

A

Valvular obstruction due to cardiac rhabdomyomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cardiac lesions seen in Turners

A

Coarctation of aorta

Bicuspid aortic valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Papillary muscle rupture post-MI:

  • days after MI
  • which papillary muscle highest risk
A

2-7 days post MI

posteromedial papillary muscle - because of single blood supply from posterior descending artery (PDA)

21
Q

Causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

“Puppy LEASH”

  • Post-radiation fibrosis
  • Loeffler syndrome
  • Endocardial fibroelastosis
  • Amyloidosis
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Haemchromatosis
22
Q

Signs of digoxin toxicity

A

Cholinergic: nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea, blurry yellow vision (xanthopsia), arrythmias, AV block
Hyperkalaemia

23
Q

Predisposition factors for digoxin toxicity

A

HypoK
Renal failure
Decreased clearance (eg cx by amiodarone, verapamil, quinidine)

24
Q

Rx for digoxin toxicity

A
  • slowly normalise K
  • cardiac pacer
  • anti-digoxin Fab
  • Mg2+
25
Describe Ortner syndrome
Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy due to cardiovascular disease (eg MS --> LA enlargement --> impingement of nerve)
26
Morphologic changes in affected vs non-stenotic kidney in RAS
Affected: - Diffuse cortical thinning and atrophy - Diffuse tubular atrophy and fibrosis - Glomerular crowding - Juxtaglomerular apparatus enlargement - Focal inflammatory infiltrates Non-stenotic: - Hypertensive nephrosclerosis - intimal hyperplasia and hyaline arteriolosclerosis - hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis and fibrinoid necrosis in severe cases
27
Congenital cardiac lesions seen in DiGeorge's syndrome
TOF Truncus arteriosus Transposition of Great Arteries
28
Outline Trousseau syndrome
Migratory superficial thrombophlebitis associated with visceral adenoCA of pancreas, colon and lung - Hypercoagulability and DIC
29
Diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki Disease
Fever for =/>5 days AND 4 of: - Bilateral non-exudative conjunctival injection - Cervical lymphadenopathy - Mucositis: strawberry tongue, fissured lips, erythema of palantine mucosa - Extremity changes: edema hands and feet, erythema palms and soles, desquamation of fingertips - Rash: urticarial, spreads centripetally to the trunk
30
Aortic arch derivatives
1st - part of maxillary a. 2nd - Hyoid a, Stapedial a. 3rd - Common carotid a, proximal internal carotid a. 4th - Left = aortic arch, right = prox. right subclavian 6th - proximal pulmonary aa, left = ductus arteriosus
31
Which area is targeted in radiofrequency ablation of atrial flutter?
Cavotricuspid isthmus: | area between tricuspid valve and IVC in the right atrium
32
Pulse character in HOCM
Bifid carotid pulse with brisk upstroke ("spike-and-dome") - seen in dynamic LVOT obstruction during systole
33
Morphologic changes in heart with normal ageing
- decreased LV chamber size - sigmoid shaped interventricular septum - increased interstitial connective tissue - accumulation of intracellular lipofuscin granules
34
Clinical manifestations of reperfusion injury
- arrhythmias - microvascular dysfunction with myocardial stunning - myocyte injury and death
35
Describe the concept of myocardial hibernation
chronic myocardial ischemia --> decreased myocardial contractility (altered cytoskeletal proteins, adrenergic control, and calcium responsiveness) = decreased metabolism and function to match decreased blood supply
36
Describe Aschoff bodies
Seen in myocarditis in rheumatic fever: | - giant cells, Anitschkow cells (reactive histiocytes with slender, wavy nuclei), fibrinoid material
37
Light microscopy of viral myocarditis and list some cx
Lymphocytic interstitial infiltrates (mononuclear) with focal myofibrillary necrosis Adenovirus, Coxsackie B, Parvovirus B19
38
Causes of constrictive pericarditis
Idiopathic or viral pericarditis Cardiac surgery or post-radiation therapy TB
39
Signs of constrictive pericarditis
``` Predominantly R-sided signs Raised JVP Kussmaul's (paradoxical raised JVP on inspiration) Pulsus paradoxis Pericardial knock (early diastolic sound before S3) ```
40
Factors increased likelihood of atheroma plaque rupture
- Thin fibrous cap - Large lipid/necrotic core - inflammation (activated macrophages secrete MMPs)
41
Triad seen on ECG for WPW
- shortened PR interval - widened QRS - delta waves
42
Granulomatous inflammation of media with intimal thickening characteristic of:
Giant cell arteritis | Takayasu arteritis
43
Homogenous acellular thickening of arteriolar walls characteristic of:
Hyaline arteriosclerosis (benign HPT or diabetes)
44
Onion-like concentric thickening of arteriolar walls characteristic of:
Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis (malignant hypertension)
45
Transmural inflammation with fibrinoid necrosis of arteries characteristic of:
Polyarteritis nodosa | Malignant hypertension
46
Medication that inactivates the metalloprotease that breaks down ANP and BNP
Neprilysin inhibitor - eg sacubitril
47
Action of ANP and BNP
Binds receptors --> activates guanylate cylcase to form cGMP --> stimulates diuresis and peripheral vasodilation - Kidneys: dilates afferent and constricts efferent arterioles - Adrenal glands: inhibits secretion of aldosterone - Blood vessels: vasodilates arteriolar and venular vessels
48
5 types of xanthomas
- Eruptive xanthomas: yellow papules abruptly appear when TGs are high - tuberous and tendinous xanthomas (eg Achilles tendon, extensor tendons fingers) - plane xanthomas (linear lesions in skin folds assoc with primary biliary cirrhosis) - xanthelasma (soft eyelid/periorbital plaques, no lipid abn in 50% individuals)

USMLE Step 1 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions