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USMLE Step 1 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

2 types of cells of anterior pituitary and hormones secreted:

A

Basophils: “B-FLAT”
- FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
Acidophils:
- prolactin, growth hormone

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2
Q

Hormone secreted by intermediate lobe of pituitary

A

Melanotropin

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3
Q

Anabolic effects of insulin

A
  • Increased glucose transport in skeletal and adipose tissue
  • Increased glycogen synthesis and storage
  • Increased triglyceride synthesis
  • Increased protein synthesis
  • Increased cellular uptake of K and aa’s
  • Inhibits glucagon release
  • Na retention (kidneys)
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4
Q

Insulin-independent glucose uptake in which organs:

A

BRICK L

  • Brain
  • RBCs
  • Intestine
  • Cornea
  • Kidneys
  • Liver
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5
Q

Functions of glucagon

A

Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Lipolysis
Ketone production

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6
Q

Name of GH analog and used to treat which condition:

A

Tesamorelin

- Rx HIV-associated lipodystrophy

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7
Q

Features of pituitary prolactinoma

A

High prolactin inhibit GnRH and cx galactorrhea:

  • Amenorrhea
  • Osteoporosis
  • Hypogonadism
  • Galactorrhea
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8
Q

Causes of galactorrhea (via hyperprolactinemia)

A

Anti-psychotics
Prolactinoma
Increased TRH

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9
Q

Functions of cortisol

A

“cortisol is A BIG FIB”

  1. +Appetite
  2. +BP
  3. +Insulin resistance
  4. +Gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis
  5. -Fibroblast activity –> poor wound healing
  6. -Inflammation and immune response
  7. -Bone formation (decreased osteoblast activity)
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10
Q

Outline the Wolff-Chaikoff effect

A

Excessive iodine temporarily inhibits thyroid peroxidase –> decreased iodine organification –> decreased T3/T4 production

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11
Q

Neural crest derivatives

A

“SOME SALT”

  • Schwann cells
  • Odontoblasts
  • Melanocytes
  • Enterochromaffin cells
  • Spinal membranes (pia and arachnoid)
  • Adrenal medulla/ganglia
  • Laryngeal cartilage
  • Tracheal cartilage
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12
Q

Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome associated with:

A

Neuroblastoma

“dancing eyes dancing feet”

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13
Q

6 P’s of congenital hypothyroidisms

A

6P’s: Pot-bellied, Pale, Puffy-faced child with Protruding umbilicus, Protuberant tongue and Poor brain development

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14
Q

Treatment of thyroid storm

A

4 P’s:

  • propranolol (B-blocker)
  • propylthiouracil
  • prednisolone (corticosteroid)
  • Potassium iodide (Lugol iodine)
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15
Q

What is the Jod-Basedow phenomenon?

A

Opposite of Wolff-Chaikoff effect:

Thyrotoxicosis if pt with iodine deficiency and partially autonomous thyroid tissue is made iodine replete

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16
Q

Describe pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1A

A 
Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy
Unresponsiveness of kidney to PTH --> hypocalcemia despite high PTH
Shortened 4th/5th digit, short stature
AD
Defective Gs protein apha-subunit 
Inherited from mother due to imprinting
17
Q

Describe pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism

A
  • Physical features of Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy
  • Without end-organ PTH resistance (PTH normal)
  • Inherited from father
18
Q

Describe Nelson syndrome

A

Enlargement of existing ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma after bilateral adrenalectomy for refractory Cushing disease

  • PC: hyperpigmentation, headaches, bitemp hemianopia
  • Rx: pituitary irradiation or resection
19
Q

Causes of SIADH

A
  • Ectopic ADH (eg small cell lung CA)
  • CNS disorders/head trauma
  • Lung ds
  • Drugs (eg cyclophosphamide)
20
Q

Treatment of SIADH

A
  • fluid retention, diuretics, salt tablets, IV hypertonic saline, conivaptan, tolvaptan, demeclocycline
21
Q

Characteristics of SIADH

A
  • Euvolemic hyponatremia
  • Excessive free water retention
  • Urine osmolality > serum osmolality
22
Q

Features of glucagonoma

A

D’s:

  • dermatitis (necrolytic migratory erythema)
  • diabetes (hyperglycemia)
  • declining weight
  • depression
23
Q

Rx of glucagonoma

A

Octreotide

Surgery

24
Q

Define Whipple’s Triad

A
  • Low blood glucose
  • Symptoms of hypoglycemia
  • Resolution of symptoms after normalization of glucose levels
25
Q

Somatostatin inhibit the secretion of:

A
  • Secretin
  • CCK
  • Glucagon
  • Insulin
  • Gastrin
  • Gastric inhibitory peptide
26
Q

Features of Carcinoid syndrome

A

Neuroendocrine tumour - secrete 5HT
Sx: Recurrent flushing, diarrhoea, asthmatic wheezing, right-sided valvular lesions
Dx: increased 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in urine, niacin deficiency
Rx: surgical resection, octreotide

27
Q

Rule of 1/3 in Carcinoid syndrome

A

1/3 metastasize
1/3 present with 2nd malignancy
1/3 are multiple

28
Q

Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hyperchloremia, non-anion gap metabolic acidosis =

A

Primary adrenal insufficiency

USMLE Step 1 (11 decks)

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