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First Aid > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

mesonephros

A

interim kidney for first trimester, contributes to male genital system

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2
Q

metanephros

A

permanent - becomes kidney

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3
Q

ureteric bud

A

from caudal end of mesonephric duct - gives rise to ureter, pelvises, calyces, collecting ducts

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4
Q

metanephric mesenchyme

A

blastema - ureteric bud interacts with this, formation of glomerulus through to DCT

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5
Q

ureteropelvic junction

A

last to canalize - most common site of obstruction - leads to hydronephrosis

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6
Q

potter sequence

A

starts with oligohydramnios - leads to lung hypoplasia, face flattening and limb deformities
- causes are ARPKD, obstructive uropathy, renal agenesis, placental insufficiency

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7
Q

unilateral renal agenesis

A

ureteric bud fails to develop

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8
Q

multicystic dysplastic kidney

A

failure of metanephric blastema to differentiate - usually unilateral

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9
Q

duplex collecting system

A

increased risk for vesicoureteral reflux and UTI

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10
Q

posterior urethral valves

A

leads to obstruction of bladder outlet

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11
Q

kidney taken during transplantation

A

left = longer renal vein

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12
Q

where are macula densa cells

A

against efferent arteriole in the DCT

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13
Q

how to measure extracellular volume

A

inulin or mannitol

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14
Q

components of kidney BM

A

type 4 collagen and heparin sulfate (negative charge)

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15
Q

renal clearance

A

(urine concentration)(urine flow rate)/(plasma concentration)

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16
Q

inulin

A

same as GFR - freely filtered and not secreted or reabsorbed

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17
Q

creatinine

A

slightly overestimates GFR because there is slight secretion

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18
Q

PAH

A

100% excreted by kidney because it is secreted

- used to estimate eRPF

19
Q

renal blood flow

A

RPF(1-hematocrit)

20
Q

filtration fraction

A

GFR/RPF

21
Q

angiotensin II

A

constricts efferent arteriole, prostaglandins dialate afferent

22
Q

FENa

A

fraction of sodium that is filtered that ends up being exreted

23
Q

splay

A

region of substance clearance between threshold and Tm due to heterogeneity of nephrons

24
Q

what does angiotensin II do to the PCT

A

increases Na/H exchange, leading to Na, water and base reabsorption (causing alkalosis)

25
Q

PTH in kidney

A

inhibits phosphate reabsorption in PCT and increases calcium reabsorption in early DCT

26
Q

fanconi syndrome

A
  • reabsorptive defect in PCT
  • excrete everything = metabolic acidosis
  • causes = Wilson, tyrosinemia, GSD, cystinosis, ischemia, MM, drugs, lead poisoning
27
Q

Barter syndrome

A
  • defects in thick ascending limb
  • Na/K/Cl transporter
  • hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis with hypercalciuria (like using furosemide)
28
Q

Gitelmann syndrome

A
  • defect in Na/Cl in DCT
  • hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, metabolic alakalosis, hypocalcinuria
  • same as using HCTZ
29
Q

Liddle syndrome

A
  • more Na reabsorption in collecting tubules

- hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic malkalois

30
Q

syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid exess

A
  • 11beta hydroxyteroid dehydrogense deficiency

- activates mineralocorticoid receptor

31
Q

creatinine and inulin concentrations along PCT

A

increase in concentration but not amount due to faster reabsorption of water

32
Q

chloride reabosorbtion in PCT

A

water than water at first but then levels off

33
Q

things increasing renin secretion

A
  • low sodium in tubules
  • low BP
  • increase in beta1 activation
34
Q

actions of angiotensin II

A
  • constriction of vasculature
  • constrict efferent arteriole
  • secrete aldosterone
  • secrete ADH
  • increase in Na/H pump
  • stimulate hypothalamus
35
Q

how to beta blockers decrease blood pressure

A

inhibit beta1 receptors of JGA leading to decrease in renin release

36
Q

EPO is released by…

A

peritubular capillary bed in response to hypoxia

37
Q

dopamine in PCT cells

A

promotes natriuresis, increases RBF with no changes in GFR

38
Q

things that shift potassium into cells

A
  • insulin, beta agonists, alkalosis, hyperosmolarity
39
Q

distal renal tubular acidosis (type 1)

A
  • H+ cant be secreted so no bicarb is produced leading to metabolic acidosis
  • associated with hypokalemia and risk for calcium stones
40
Q

proximal renal tubular acidosis

A
  • defect in bicarb reabsorption
  • more bicarb is excrete and H+ is added to urine in collecting duct
  • associated with hypokalemia
41
Q

hyperkalemic renal tubular acidosis

A
  • hypoaldosteronism leads to hyperkalemia, less ammonium synthesis in PCT and less acid excretion
42
Q

maltese cross

A

fat in the urine from nephrotic syndrome

43
Q

muddy brown casts

A

ATN

44
Q

waxy casts

A

end stage renal disease

First Aid (16 decks)

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