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First Aid > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

markers in neural tube defects

A
  • high alpha feto protein (AFP) - except in spina bifida occulta
  • Ache as a confirmatory test
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2
Q

holoprosencephaly

A
  • failure of left and right hemispheres to separate
  • mutations in sonic hedgehog
  • in trisomy 13 and fetal alcohol syndrome
  • monoventricle and fusion of basal ganglia

** hint: prosencephaly is forebrain

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3
Q

Chiari malformation 1

A
  • ectopia of cerebellar tonsils (one structure)

- presents in adulthood with headaches and cerebellar symptoms

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4
Q

Chiari malformation 2

A
  • herniation of cerebellar vermis and tonsils (2 structures)
  • aqueductal stenosis leads to hydrocephalus
  • associated with lumbosacral meningomyelocele
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5
Q

Dandy-Walker syndrome

A
  • agenesis of cerebellar vermis with enlarged 4th ventricle

- associated with noncommunicating hydrocephalus and spina bifida

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6
Q

syringomyelia

A
  • cystic cavity within central canal of spinal cord
  • anterior white commissure is damaged first
  • bilateral loss of pain and temp in upper extremities
  • associated with Chiari malformations
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7
Q

astrocytes

A
  • provide physical support, repair, K+ buffer, removal of neurotransmitter, form BBB, glycogen fuel
  • derived from neuroectoderm
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8
Q

marker of astrocyte

A

GFAP

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9
Q

microglia

A
  • phagocytic scavenger or CNS
  • mesodermal
  • can form giant cells in HIV
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10
Q

Schwann cells are derived from….

A

neural crest

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11
Q

oligodendrocytes

A
  • add myelin in CNS
  • can myelinate many axons
  • looks like “fried egg”
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12
Q

free nerve endings

A
  • C = slow, unmyelinated
  • Adelta = fast, myelinated
  • for pain and temp
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13
Q

Meissner corpuscles

A
  • large, myelinated fibers, adapt quickly

- fine/light touch, position sense in skin

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14
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A
  • large, myelinated fibers

- vibration and pressure in deep tissue

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15
Q

Markel discs

A
  • large, myelinated fibers

- pressure, static touch, position sense in finger tips

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16
Q

Ruffini corpuscles

A
  • dendritic endings

- pressure, joint angle changes in finger tips

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17
Q

chromatolysis

A
  • reaction of neuronal cell body to axonal injury
  • increased protein synthesis in effort to repair damage
  • round cellular swelling
  • displacement of nucleus
  • Dispersion of Nissl substance
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18
Q

3 layers of BBB

A
  • astrocyte foot processes
  • capillary membrane
  • basement membrane
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19
Q

areas not protected by BBB

A

inputs of hypothalamus

  • area postrema (vomiting after chemo)
  • OVLT - organum vasculosum lamina terminalis (osmotic sensing)
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20
Q

functions of hypothalamus

A 
homeostasis by TAN HATS
Thirst and water balance
Adenohypophysis - anterior pituitary
Neurohypophysis - posterior pituitary
Hunger
Autonomic nerves
Temperature
Sexaul urges
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21
Q

lateral area of hypothalamus

A

hunger

  • destruction leads to anorexia and failure to thrive
  • stimulated by ghrelin, inhibited by leptin
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22
Q

ventromedial area of hypothalamus

A

satiety

- destruction = get fat

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23
Q

anterior hypothalamus

A

cooling, parasympathetic (A/C)

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24
Q

posterior hypothalamus

A

heating, sympathetic

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25
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus

A

circadian rhythm (need sleep)

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26
Q

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus

A

ADH and oxytocin

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27
Q

order of sleep waves

A 
at night BATS Drink Blood
B - Beta when awake
A - Alpha when awake with eyes closed
T - Theta with light sleep N1
S - Sleep spindles and K complexes in N2
D - Delta waves in deep sleep N3
B - Beta waves in REM sleep
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28
Q

VPL (ventral posterolateral) of thalamus

A
  • Vibration, Pain, Pressure, Proprioception, and Light touch, Temp (VPPPL)
  • input from spinothalamic and dorsal columns/medial lemniscus
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29
Q

purpose of thalamus

A

relay for all ascending sensory information

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30
Q

VPM (ventral posteromedial) of thalamus

A
  • face sensation and taste
  • input from trigeminal and gustatory pathway
  • hint: Makeup goes on the Face
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31
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus

A
  • input from CNII
  • for vision to calcarine sulcus
  • hint: lateral = light
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32
Q

medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus

A
  • input from superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum
  • for hearing to auditory cortex of temporal lobe
  • hint: medial = music
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33
Q

ventral lateral nucleus of thalamus

A
  • from basal ganglia and cerebellum

- for movement

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34
Q

limbic system

A
  • emotion, long term memory, olfaction, behavior modification, ANS functions
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35
Q

Papez circuit

A
  • hippocampus, mammillary bodes, anterior thalamic nuclei, cingulate gyrus, entorhinal cortex
  • 5 Fs - feeding, fleeing, fighting, feeling and fucking
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36
Q

less activity of mesocortical pathway

A

more negative symptoms (anergia, apathy, lack of spontaneity)

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37
Q

more activity of mesolimbic pathway

A

more positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations)

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38
Q

less activity of nigrostriatal pathway

A

extrapyramidal symptoms (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia)

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39
Q

less activity of tuberoinfundibular pathway

A

more prolactin, lower libido, sexual dysfunction, galactorrhea, gynecomastia

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40
Q

inputs of cerebellum

A
  • contralateral cortex via middle cerebellar peduncle

- ipsilateral proprioceptive information vis inferior cerebellar peduncle from spinal cord

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41
Q

output of cerebellum

A
  • Purk(in)je cells are always inhibitory = from deep nuclei of cerebellum to contralateral cortex via superior cerebellar peduncle
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42
Q

lateral cerebellar lesions

A
  • affect the Limbs

- fall toward injured side

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43
Q

medial cerebellar lesions

A
  • affects midline

- truncal ataxia and wide based gait

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44
Q

basal ganglia

A

important for voluntary movements and postural adjustments

- includes caudate, putamen and globus pallidus

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45
Q

excitatory pathway of basal ganglia

A

cortical inputs stimulate striatum, leading to GABA release, which inhibits GABA release from GPi, disinhibiting the thalamus

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46
Q

inhibitory pathway of basal ganglia

A

cortical inputs stimulate striatum, releasing GABA that diminishes subthalamic nucleus via GP externa inhibition, and STN inhibits the thalamus

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47
Q

D1 vs D2 receptors

A

D1 - direct pathway leading to stimulation of movement

D2 - indirect pathway leading to inhibition of movement

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48
Q

primary motor vs somatosensory in cortex

A

motor is in front of central sulcus (frontal), somatosensory is behind (parietal)

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49
Q

homunculus medial to lateral

A 
medial = lower limbs
lateral = upper limbs and face
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50
Q

cerebral perfusion is driven by…

A

CO2

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51
Q

what causes decreased cerebral perfusion

A

increased intracranial pressure or decreased mean arterial pressure

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52
Q

purpose of therapeutic hyperventilation

A

decrease in CO2 leads to vasoconstriction and decrease in intracranial pressure

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53
Q

anterior artery supplies….

A

anteromedial surface

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54
Q

middle cerebral artery supplies….

A

lateral surface

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55
Q

posterior cerebral artery supplies….

A

posterior and inferior surfaces

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56
Q

cranial nerves that are medial

A

3,4,6,12

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57
Q

superior vs inferior colliculi

A
  • on dorsal side of brainstem
  • superior = conjugate vertical gaze center
  • inferior = auditory
  • hint: eyes are above your ears
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58
Q

medial cranial nerves are…

A

motor (3,4,6, 12)

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59
Q

foramen rotundum

A

CN V2

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60
Q

foramen ovale

A

CN V3

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61
Q

foramen spinosum

A

middle meningeal artery

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62
Q

superior orbital fissure

A

CN 3,4,6, V1

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63
Q

internal auditory meatus

A

CN 7,8

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64
Q

jugular foramen

A

CN 9,10,11 and jugular vein

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65
Q

hypoglossal canal

A

CN 12

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66
Q

oculomotor nerve

A

CN 3

- eye movement, pupillary constriction (Edinger-Westphal nucleus, muscarinic receptors), accommodation, eyelid opening

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67
Q

trigeminal nerve

A

CN 5

- mastication, facial sensation, somatosensation from anterior 2/3 of tongue

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68
Q

facial nerve

A

CN 7
- facial movement, taste from anterior 2/3, lacrimation, salivation (submandibular and sublingual), auditory volume modulation (stapedius)

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69
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve

A

CN 9,
- taste and sensation from posterior 1/3 of tongue, swallowing, salivation from parotid, carotid body and sinus, elevation of pharynx/larynx

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70
Q

vagus

A

CN X
- taste from supraglottic region, swallowing, soft palate elevation, uvula, talking, cough, parasympathetics to viscera, aortic arch receptors

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71
Q

nucleus Solitarius

A 
visceral Sensory (CN 7, 9, 10)
- taste, pressure, distension)
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72
Q

nucleus aMbigious

A

motor innervation of pharynx larynx and esophagus (CN 9, 10, 11)

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73
Q

dorsal motor nucleus

A

autonomic parasympathetic fibers to visceral organs (CN X)

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74
Q

corneal nerve reflexes

A

afferent - V1

efferent - 7

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75
Q

lacrimation reflex

A

afferent - V1

efferent - 7

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76
Q

pupillary reflex

A

afferent - 2

efferent - 3

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77
Q

gag reflex

A

afferent - 9

efferent - 10

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78
Q

muscles of mastications

A

closing - masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid

opening - lateral pterygoid

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79
Q

spinal nerve exiting

A

C1-C7 above, C8 above T1, all others below

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80
Q

end of spinal cord

A

L1-L2, lumbar puncture performed at L4

81
Q

dorsal columns are organized…..

A

are you are, with your arms by your side

82
Q

function of dorsal column

A

vibratory and position sense, pressure and fine touch

83
Q

function of spinothalamic pathway

A

pain, temperature (lateral) crude touch, pressure (anterior)

84
Q

function of corticospinal tract

A

voluntary movement of limbs

85
Q

describe the track of dorsal column

A
  1. ascends ipsilateral
  2. synapses in nucleus gracilis, nucleus cuneatus in ipsilateral medulla
  3. decussates in medulla
  4. ascend contralaterally in medial lemniscus
  5. synapse in VPL
86
Q

describe track of spinothalamic tract

A
  1. enters spinal cord
  2. synapse in ipsilateral gray matter
  3. decussates at anterior white commissure
  4. ascends contralaterally
  5. synapse in VPL
87
Q

describe track of lateral corticospinal track

A
  1. starts at motor cortex
  2. descends ipsilaterally through internal capsule
  3. decussate at caudal medulla (pyramidal decussation
  4. descends contralaterally
  5. synapses in anterior horn
  6. LMN to muscle fiber
88
Q

achilles reflex

A

S1, S2

89
Q

patellar reflex

A

L3-L4

90
Q

biceps and brachioradialis reflex

A

C5, C6

91
Q

triceps reflex

A

C7, C8

92
Q

cremasteric reflex

A

L1 L2

93
Q

anal wink reflex

A

S3 S4

94
Q

moro relfex

A

“hang on for life” extend arms, than draw together

95
Q

rooting reflex

A

head toward stroking, nipple reflex

96
Q

babinski reflex

A

dorsiflex of large toe and splaying of others

97
Q

frontal lobe lesion

A

disinhibition in concentration, orientation, judgment, primitive reflexes

98
Q

frontal eye fields lesion

A

eyes look toward lesion

99
Q

paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) lesions

A

eyes look away from side of lesions

100
Q

medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) lesions

A 
internuclear ophthalmoplegia (impaired adduction of ipsilateral eye, nystagmus of contralateral eye with abduction)
- in MS
101
Q

dominant parietal lesion

A

Gerstmann syndrome

- agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, left-right disorientation

102
Q

non-dominant parietal lesion

A

hemispatial neglect syndrome

- agnosia of contralateral side of world

103
Q

hippocampal bilateral lesion

A

anterograde amnesia, can’t make new memories

104
Q

basal ganglia lesion

A

tremor at rest, chorea, athetosis

105
Q

subthalamic nucleus lesion

A

contralateral hemiballismus

106
Q

mammillary body lesion

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff

- ataxia, confusion, nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia, memory loss, confabulation

107
Q

amygdala lesion

A

Kluver Bucy syndrome

  • diminished behavior
  • caused by HSV-1 encephalitis
108
Q

superior colliculus lesion

A

Parinaud syndrome

  • paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze
  • in stroke, hydrocephalus, pinealoma
109
Q

reticular activating system lesion

A

coma

110
Q

cerebellar hemisphere lesion

A

intention tremor, limb ataxia, loss of balance, fall toward side of lesion

111
Q

cerebellar vermis lesion

A

truncal ataxia, dysarthria

- seen in chronic alcohol use

112
Q

brain most vulnerable to ischemia

A

hippocampus (vulnerable hippo)

113
Q

alternative to granulation tissue in brain

A

reactive gliosis

114
Q

most common site of infarction in brain

A

MCA

115
Q

epidural hematoma

A
  • rupture of middle meningeal artery
  • biconcave on MRI
  • does not cross suture lines
116
Q

subdural hematoma

A
  • rupture of bridging veins
  • cause by atrophy or trauma
  • crescent shaped causing midline shift
117
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhage

A
  • rupture of berry aneurysm
  • xanthochromic spinal tap
  • vasospasm 4-10 days later
  • nimodipine reduces vasospasm
118
Q

intraparenchymal hemorrhage

A
  • systemic hypertension
  • amyloid angiopathy, vasculitis, neoplasm
  • in basal ganglia and internal capsule (Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysm)
119
Q

middle cerebral stroke

A
  • contralateral paralysis of and sensory loss of upper limb and face
  • aphasia in dominant (Gerstmann’s), hemineglect in non dominant
  • Wernicke aphasia with right superior quadrant visual defect due to temporal lobe
120
Q

anterior cerebral stroke

A
  • contralateral paralysis and sensory loss of lower limb
121
Q

lenticulo striate stroke

A
  • affects striatum and internal capsule
  • contralateral paralysis and sensory loss of whole body
  • no cortical signs
  • due to hyaline arteriolar sclerosis from hypertension
122
Q

anterior spinal artery stroke

A
  • causes medial medullary syndrome
  • affects lateral corticospinal tract (motor in limbs), medial lemniscus (ascending dorsal columns, CN 12
  • leads to contralateral paralysis, contralateral proprioception and ipsilateral hypoglossal dysfunction
123
Q

posterior inferior cerebellar artery stroke

A
  • causes lateral medullary syndrome
  • affects, nucleus ambiguus (CN 9,10,11), vestibular nuclei, lateral spinothalamic tract, spinal trigeminal nucleus
  • leads to dysphagia, hoarseness, no gag, vomiting, vertigo, less p/t from contralateral body and ipsilateral face
  • ipsilateral horner syndrome (sympathetic fibers) and ataxia (inferior cerebellar peduncle)
124
Q

anterior inferior cerebellar artery

A
  • causes lateral pontine syndrome
  • affects, facial nucleus, vestibular nucleus, spinothalamic tract, trigeminal nucleus, sympathetic fibers, cerebellar peduncles
  • leads to paralysis of face, less lacrimation, salivation, taste, vomiting, less pain and temp from ispilateral
  • ipsilateral horner and ataxia
125
Q

basilar artery stroke

A

causes locked in syndrome, spares the RAS

126
Q

posterior cerebral artery stroke

A

causes contralateral hemianopia with macular sparing

127
Q

central post stroke pain syndrome

A

neuropathic pain due to thalamic lesions

- initial paresthesias followed in weeks to months by allodynia (ordinary stimulus cause pain)

128
Q

Broca aphasia

A

speech nonfluent, comprehension intact, repetition impaired

- in frontal lobe

129
Q

Wernicke aphasia

A

speech fluent, comprehension impaired, repetition impaired

- in temporal lobe

130
Q

conduction aphasia

A

speech fluent, comprehension intact, repetition impaired

- damage to arcuate fasciculus

131
Q

global aphasia

A

speech nonfluent, comprehension impaired, repetition impaired
- damage to all areas

132
Q

transcortical motor aphasia

A

nonfluent speech, intact comprehension, repetition intact

- frontal lobe around Brocas

133
Q

transcortical sensory aphasia

A

fluent speech, comprehension impaired, repetition intact

- temporal lobe near Wernickes

134
Q

associations with aneurysms

A

ADPKD and Ehlers Danlos

- also hypertension, smoking, black

135
Q

simple partial seizure vs complex partial seizure

A

both focal, simple = still have consciousness, complex is without consciousness

136
Q

cluster headache

A
  • unilateral
  • repetitive and brief, periorbital pain with lacrimation and rhinorrhea, may have Horner
  • treat with sumatriptan, prevent with verapamil
137
Q

tension headache

A
  • bilateral
  • steady pain, no aura
  • treat with NSAIDS, amitriptyline for chronic pain
138
Q

migraine headache

A
  • unilateral
  • pulsating pain with aura
  • irritation of CN V, meninges or blood vessels
  • release substance P, calcitonin peptide or vasoactive peptide
139
Q

treatment for trigeminal neuralgia

A

repetitive shooting pain

- treat with carbamazepine

140
Q

akathisia

A

restlessness and intense urge to move

- in neuroleptic or Parkinsons

141
Q

asterixis

A

flapping of wrists

  • in hepatic encephalopathy
  • Wilsons disease
  • other metabolic derangements
142
Q

athetosis

A
  • slow snake-like writhing movements especially in the fingers
  • in basal ganglia
143
Q

chorea

A
  • sudden jerky movements, purposeless
  • in basal ganglia
  • sydenham chorea in rheumatic fever
144
Q

dystonia

A

sustained contractions

- blepharospasm, torticollis

145
Q

essential tremor

A
  • high frequency tremor with sustained posture
  • worse with movements or anxiety
  • caused by self medication with alcohol
146
Q

hemiballismus

A
  • sudden flapping of arm and leg
  • in contralateral subthalamic nucleus (lacunar stroke
  • “half of body” ballistic, contralateral lesion
147
Q

intention tremor

A
  • slow zigzag motion when pointing

- cerebellar dysfunction

148
Q

myoclonus

A
  • sudden brief uncontrolled contraction
149
Q

resting tremor

A
  • tremor at rest, alleviated by movement
  • Parkinsons disease
  • pill rolling tremor
150
Q

Parkinsons buzz words

A
  • pill rolling tremor
  • shuffling gait
  • MPTP
  • loss of dopaminergic neurons in subtaintia nigra
  • Lewy bodies with alpha-synuclein
151
Q

Huntingtons buzzwords

A
  • trinucleotide repeat (CAG)
  • chorea, athetosis
  • Caudate loses ACh and GABA
  • ex vacuo ventriculomegaly
  • neuronal death via NMDA-R
152
Q

Alzheimer buzzwords

A
  • Down syndrome (APP)
  • ApoE2 is less risk
  • Apo E4 is more risk
  • APP, presenilin 1/2 = earlier forms
  • less ACh
  • senile plaques of beta amyloid
  • neurofibrillary tangles
  • intracellular tau protein (cytoskeleton)
153
Q

frontotemporal dementia buzzwords

A
  • Picks disease
  • associated movement disorders
  • frontotemporal lobe degeneration
  • hyperphosphorylated tau (pick bodies)
  • ubiquitinated TDP-43
154
Q

Lewy body dementia

A

dementia and visual hallucinations

- Lewy bodies in cortex

155
Q

Creutzfelt-Jakob disease

A
  • rapidly progressive
  • myoclonus
  • sharp waves on EEG
  • spongiform cortex
  • prions of beta sheets resistant to proteases
156
Q

risk factors for idiopathic intracranial hypertension

A

female, obesity, vitamin A excess, tetracycline, danazol

157
Q

communicating hydrocephalus

A

less CSF absorption by arachnoid granulations

158
Q

triad in normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

wacky, wet, and wobbly

159
Q

noncommunicating hydrocephalus

A

structural blockage in ventricles

160
Q

ex vacuo ventriculomegaly

A

looks like high CSF on imaging

- actually due to decrease brain tissue, in Alzheimer, HIV, pick, Huntington

161
Q

osmotic demyelination syndrome

A
  • also central pontine myelinolysis
  • massive axonal demyelination in pontine white matter
  • secondary to osmotic changes, correction of hyponatremia
162
Q

correction of serum sodium

A

from low to high your pons will die

from high to low your brain will blood (edema and herniation)

163
Q

MS buzzwords

A
  • optic neuritis
  • worse in heat
  • relapsing and remitting
  • young women far from equator
  • scanning speech
  • intention tremor
  • nystagmus
  • high IgG and myelin basic protein in CSF
  • periventricular plaques
164
Q

Guillain-Barre

A
  • autoimmune destruction of Schwann cells
  • ascending muscle weakness
  • high CSF protein with normal cells
  • Campylobacter (molecular mimicry)
165
Q

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

A
  • hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy
  • poor structure and function of nerves of myelin sheath
  • foot deformities, lower extremity weakness and sensory deficits
166
Q

Krabbe disease

A

lysosomal storage disease

  • galactocerebrosidase
  • destruction of myelin sheath
  • peripheral neuropathy, developmental delay, optic atrophy, globoid cells
167
Q

metachromatic leukodystrophy

A
  • lysosomal storage disease
  • arylsulfatase A
  • buildup of sulfatides
  • impaired production of myelin sheath
  • demyelination with ataxia and dementia
168
Q

progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

A
  • demyelination of CNS
  • destruction of oligodendrocytes
  • AIDS infection, latent JC
  • usually fatal
169
Q

adrenoleukodystrophy

A
  • Xlinked
  • metabolism of long chained fatty acids
  • build up in nervous, adrenal, testes
  • long term coma and death
170
Q

Sturge-Weber syndrome (encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis) buzzwords

A
  • anomaly of neural crest derivatives
  • GNAQ gene
  • port wine stain on face
  • tram track calcifications
  • unilateral
  • retardation
  • glaucoma
  • epilepsy
171
Q

tuberous sclerosis

A
  • TSC1/TSC2
  • hamartomas
  • angiofibromas
  • mitral regurg
  • ash-leaf spots
  • rhabdomyoma
  • mental retardation
  • renal angiomyolipoma
  • seizures
  • Shagreen patches
172
Q

neurofibromatosis type 1

A
  • mutation in NF1
  • neurofibromin is negative regulator of RAS
  • cafe au lait spots
  • optic gliomas
  • pheochromocytomas
  • Lisch nodules
173
Q

neurofibromatosis type 2

A
  • mutation in NF2 (2 sides)

- bilateral acoustic schwannomas, cataracts, meningiomas, ependymomas

174
Q

von Hippel-Lindau

A

VHL gene

  • hemangioblastomas
  • angiomatosis
  • bilateral renal cell carcinoma
  • pheochromocytoma
175
Q

glioblastoma mutiforme

A
  • butterfly glioma
  • malignant
  • astrocyte origin
  • GFAP
  • pseudopalisading border central area of necrosis
176
Q

oligodendroglioma

A
  • chicken wire capillary
  • oligodendrocyte origin
  • fried cell
  • calcified
177
Q

meningioma

A
  • benign
  • external to brain parenchyma
  • arachnoid cell origin
  • whorled pattern
  • psammoma bodies
178
Q

hemangioblastoma

A
  • von Hippel Lindau
  • blood vessel origin
  • produce EPO
  • thin walled capillaries
179
Q

pituitary adenoma

A
  • hyperplasia of one cells
  • most common is prolactin
  • bilateral hemianopia
180
Q

schwannoma

A
  • Schwann cell origin
  • cerebellopontine angle
  • CN 8 involvement
  • bilateral in NF-2
181
Q

pilocytic astrocytoma

A
  • in kids
  • posterior fossa
  • benign, good prognosis
  • GFAP
  • Rosenthal fibers (eosinophilic corkscrews)
182
Q

medulloblastoma

A
  • in kids, malignant
  • involves cerebellum and 4th ventricle
  • drop metastases to spinal cord
  • neuroectodermal PNET
  • Homer-Wright rosettes, small blue cells
183
Q

ependymoma

A
  • in kids in 4th ventricle
  • perivascular rosettes
  • rod shaped blepharoplasts (basal ciliary bodies) near nucleus
184
Q

crainiopharyngioma

A
  • in kids but supratentorial
  • from remnants of Rathke pouch
  • calcium crystals in motor oil fluid in tumor
185
Q

pinealoma

A
  • in kids
  • Parinaud syndrome (tectum compression leads to vertical gaze palsy
  • precocious puberty in males
  • like germ cell tumors (seminoma)
186
Q

cingulate herniation

A

cingulate under falx cerebri, compresses anterior cerebral artery

187
Q

transtentorial herniation

A

caudal herniation

  • rupture of paramedian basilar artery
  • fatal
188
Q

uncal herniation

A
  • median temporal lobe

- compresses CN III, ipsilateral PCA, contralateral crus cerebri

189
Q

cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A
  • results in coma and death
190
Q

poliomyelitis and Werdnig Hoffman disease (spinal cord lesion)

A
  • anterior horn cells
  • floppy baby with fasciculations
  • poliomyelitis = asymmetric
  • Werdnig Hoffman = symmetric
191
Q

ALS (spinal cord lesion)

A
  • loss of cortical and spinal motor neurons
  • UMN/LMN
  • superoxide dismutase
  • asymmetric weakness
192
Q

occlusion of anterior spinal artery (spinal cord lesion)

A
  • spares dorsal column
  • UMN lesion above defect (corticospinal)
  • LMN lesion at level (anterior horn)
  • loss of pain and temp below (spinothalamic)
193
Q

tabes dorsalis (spinal cord lesion)

A
  • syphilis
  • demyelination of dorsal columns
  • Charcot joints, Argyll Roberson pupils
  • Romberg sign
194
Q

syringomyelia (spinal cord lesion)

A
  • loss of anterior white commissure
  • loss of crossing fibers of ST track
  • loss of pain and temp in cape distribution
  • seen with Chiari I
195
Q

B12 deficiency (spinal cord lesion)

A

degeneration of…

  • spinocerebellar
  • lateral corticospinal tracts
  • dorsal column
196
Q

cauda equina (spinal cord lesion)

A
  • radicular pain
  • bladder and anal sphincter loss
  • compression of nerve roots below L2
197
Q

brown sequard syndrome (spinal cord lesion)

A

hemisection of spinal cord

  • ipsilateral loss of sensation at level
  • ipsilateral LMN at level
  • ipsilateral UPN signs below
  • ipsilateral loss of vibration and position below
  • contralateral loss of pain and temp below
198
Q

Friedreich ataxia

A
  • trinucleotide repeat GAA
  • impairment of mitochondria
  • ataxia, falling, nystagmus, diabetes, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  • kyphoscoliosis

First Aid (16 decks)

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