Ears and eyes

Question 1

conductive vs sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 1

conductive - abnormal (bone>air), localizes to affected ear

sensorineural - normal (air>bone), localizes to unaffected ear

Question 2

noise induced hearing loss

Answer 2

• damage to stereo ciliated cells in organ of Corti

- loss of high frequency hearing first

Question 3

presbycusis

Answer 3

• age related hearing loss

- destruction of hair cells at cochlear base

Question 4

cholesteatoma

Answer 4

• overgrowth of desquamated keratin debris in middle ear
• can erode ossicles and mastoid air cells
• conductive hearing loss

Question 5

peripheral vertigo

Answer 5

• more common
• inner ear etiology
• positional testing - delayed horizontal nystagmus

Question 6

central vertigo

Answer 6

• brain stem or cerebellar lesion

- positional testing - immediate nystagmus in any direcction

Question 7

cataract

Answer 7

• clouding of lens

- risks: age, alcohol, sunlight, steroids, DM, trauma, infection, everything

Question 8

open angle glaucoma

Answer 8

• painless
• associated with age, race
• cause unknown
• or blocked meshwork from WBC, RBCs or retinal elements

Question 9

closed angle glaucoma

Answer 9

• lens against iris leading to obstruction

- or hypoxia from retinal disease induces vasoproliferative in iris that contracts angle

Question 10

anterior uveitis

Answer 10

iritis

- systemic inflammatory disorders

Question 11

posterior uveitis

Answer 11

choroiditis of retinitis

Question 12

age related macular degeneration

Answer 12

• progressive loss of vision
• dry, depositions of yellow extracellular material
• prevent with vitamins
• wet, due to bleeding - treat with antiVEGF

Question 13

diabetic retinopathy

Answer 13

• due to chronic hyperglycemia
• nonproliferative = damaged capillaries leak blood into retina leading to hemorrhages and edema
• proliferative - hypoxia leads to new vessels with traction on retina

Question 14

retinal vein occlusions

Answer 14

• due to atherosclerosis

- edema in affected area

Question 15

retinal detachment

Answer 15

• duh
• due to retinal breaks, diabetic traction, inflammatory effusions
• preceded by flashes and floaters
• emergency

Question 16

central retinal artery occlusion

Answer 16

• acute, painless, monocular vision loss
• “cherry red” spot on fovea
• athersclerosis

Question 17

retinitis pigmentosa

Answer 17

• retinal degeneration
• begins with night blindness
• bone spicule-shaped deposits around macula

Question 18

retinitis

Answer 18

• edema and necrosis
• usually viral
• immunosuppression

Question 19

pepilledema

Answer 19

• optic disc swelling due to ICP

- enlarged blind spot