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First Aid > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

1
Q

greenstick fracture

A

incomplete fracture going part way through bone, bending stress

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2
Q

torus fracture

A

axial force, buckle fracture of cortex, can be subtle

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3
Q

baker cyst

A

gastrocnemeus-semimembranous bursa, communicating with synovial space

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4
Q

most common rotator cuff injury

A

supraspinatus

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5
Q

guyons canal

A

ulnar nerve compression in cyclists

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6
Q

axillary nerve injury

A

from anterior dislocation of humerus, problems with deltoid

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7
Q

musculocutaneous nerve injury

A

from upper trunk compression, loss of biceps and lateral forearm

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8
Q

radial nerve injury

A

from facture of humerus or crutches, loss of wrist extension and sensation on back of arm/hand

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9
Q

median nerve injury

A

low fracture of humerus or carpal tunnel, loss of first three finger flexion and sensation in hand

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10
Q

carpal tunnel

A

spares the thenar eminence because nerve exits earlier

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11
Q

ulnar nerve injury

A

funny bone or fractured hook of hamate, loss of wrist and finger actions

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12
Q

recurrent branch of median nerve injury

A

from laceration of palm, loss of thenar muscles

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13
Q

erb palsy

A
  • tear of upper trunk

- arm is adducted, medially rotated and extended

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14
Q

klumpke palsy

A
  • tear of lower trunk (C8-T1)
  • damage to intrinsic hand muscles
  • claw hand
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15
Q

throacic outlet syndrome

A
  • compression of lower trunk
  • due to cervical rib or pancoast tumor
  • claw hand
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16
Q

winged scapula

A
  • damage to long thoracic nerve

- no function in serratus anterior

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17
Q

Iliohypogastric never

A
  • sensory over suprapubic

- motor for transverse abdominis and internal oblique

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18
Q

genitofemoral nerve

A
  • sensory in scrotum/labia majora and medial thigh

- motor for cremaster

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19
Q

skeletal vs cardiac muscles (T tubules)

A

triad in skeletal, dyad in cardiac (T tubule - terminal cisternae)

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20
Q

achondroplasia

A
  • no long bone growth
  • constitutively active FGFR3
  • inhibits chondrocyte
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21
Q

osteoporosis

A
  • normal lab values
  • usually related to estrogen and old age
  • diagnosed with DEXA
  • can lead to vertebral compression fractures
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22
Q

osteopetrosis

A
  • defect in osteoclasts
  • thick and dense bones prone to fracture
  • loss of bone marrow with extramed hematopoesis
  • carbonic anhydrase II can’t make acidic enviornment
  • treat with BM transplant
  • thick bones
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23
Q

rickets/osteomalacia

A
  • defect in mineralization of osteoid
  • vitamin D deficiency
  • bow legs, bead like costochondral junctions and craniotabes
  • low Ca and phosphate
  • hyperactivity of osteoblasts
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24
Q

Paget disease

A
  • increase osteoclast then increased blast = poor quality bone
  • labs are normal (increase in ALP)
  • woven and lamellar bone
  • chalk stick fractures
  • higher risk of heart failure (from blood flow) and osteogenic sarcoma
  • hat size increase
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25
Q

osteochondroma

A
  • young males
  • bony exostosis with cartilaginous cap
  • rarely becomes cancer
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26
Q

giant cell tumor

A
  • epiphysis of long bones
  • near knee
  • locally aggressive but benign
  • soap bubble on xray
  • multinucleated giant cells with RANKL
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27
Q

osteosarcoma

A
  • bimodal
  • Paget, radiation, RB, p53
  • metaphysis of long bones
  • codman triangle
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28
Q

ewing sarcoma

A
  • young boys
  • diaphysis of long bones
  • small blue cell tumor
  • onion skin
  • 11:22 translocations with fusion protein
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29
Q

osteoarthritis

A
  • mecahnical wear and tear of cartilage
  • pain at the end of the day
  • osteophytes, joint space narrowing
  • no MCP involvement
  • treat with pain management
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30
Q

RA

A
  • autoimmune with pannus
  • HLA-DR4
  • IgM Ab to IgG Fc and anti CCP (more spceific)
  • improves with use
  • swan neck boutonniere
  • no DIP involvement
  • treat with DMARDs
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31
Q

Caplan syndrome

A

RA with pneumoconiosis

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32
Q

Felty syndrome

A

RA with neutropenia and splenomegaly

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33
Q

gout

A
  • usually underexcretion
  • yellow under parallel light, negative bierifringence
  • you know the rest
34
Q

pseudogout

A
  • calcium pyrophosphate
  • hemochromatosis and hyperparathyroidism
  • knee most common
  • calcium calcification in joint
  • rhomboid positive crystals
35
Q

sjogren

A
  • destruction of glands by lymphocytes
  • less tea production
  • xerostomia
  • ANA, RF, SS-A (anti-Ro) and SS-B (anti-La)
  • parotid enlargement
  • MALT
36
Q

septic arthritis

A
  • staph, strep and gonorrhoeae, high WBC
37
Q

common features of seronegative

A

back pain with activity improvement, peripheral arthritis, enthesitis, dactylitis, uveitis

38
Q

psoriatic arthritis

A

skin psoriasis, nail lesions, dactylitis and pencil in cup on xray

39
Q

Reiter syndrome

A
  • reactive arthritis

- conjunctivitis, urethritis and arthritis

40
Q

SLE

A
  • lupus nephritis can be nephritis or nephrotic (worst is diffuse proliferative)
  • death = CVD, infections, renal
  • ANA, anti-dsDNA (specific and bad), anti-Smith (specific, not prognostic), antihistone (sensitive for drug induced), low complement
41
Q

libman sacks endocarditis

A
  • nonbacterial verrucous thrombi on mitral or aortic valves

- usually on undersurface

42
Q

antiphospholipid

A
  • usually in SLE
    history of thrombosis or abortion
  • lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, anti beta glycoprotein antibodies
43
Q

cardiolipin antibodies

A

can be false positive for VDRL/RPR and lupus anticoagulant can cause prolonged PTT that is not corrected

44
Q

anti-UI RNP antibodies

A

mixed connective tissue disease

45
Q

sarcoidosis

A
  • noncaseating granulomas
  • elevated ACE and high CD4/CD8 in bronchoalveolar lavage
  • African Americans
  • bilateral adenopathy and reticular opactiies
46
Q

hypercalcermia in sarcoidosis

A
  • increase in 1alpha-hydroxylase-mediated vitamin D activation in macrophages
47
Q

polymyalgia rheumatica

A
  • high ESR and CRP, normal CK
  • pain and stiffness with no weakness
  • giant cell arteritis
48
Q

fibromyalgia

A
  • tender points, fibrofog

- treat with exercise and antidepressants

49
Q

polymyositis

A
  • increased CK, ANA, anti-Jo-1, anti-SRP, anti MI2

- endomysial inflammation with CD8 T cells in shoulders

50
Q

dermatomyositis

A
  • increased CK, ANA, anti-Jo-1, anti-SRP, anti MI2
  • malar rash, Gottron papules, heliotrope rash
  • increase in malignancy
  • perimysial inflammation and atrophy with CD4 cells
51
Q

what can be confused with SLE

A

dermatomyositis with malar rash

52
Q

myesthenia gravis

A
  • antibodies to Ach receptor
  • worsens with use
  • improvement iwth edrophonium test
  • associated with thymoma and thymic hyperplasia
  • AchE inhibitor helps
53
Q

Lambert Eaton

A
  • antibodies to calcium channels
  • proximal muscle weakness
  • improves with use
  • small cell cancer
54
Q

Raynaud

A
  • primary if idiopathic
  • less blood flow with arteriolar in fingers
  • mixed connective tissue, SLE and lupus
  • treat with CCB
55
Q

scleroderma

A
  • pulmonary is most causes of death
  • diffuse = widespread, associated with anti SCL 70 (topo 1)
    limited = CREST and fingers
56
Q

adherens

A

uses cadherins (loss of cadherins promostes metastasis)

57
Q

integrins in skin

A

bind to collagen and laminin in BM

58
Q

hyperkeratosis

A
  • thickening of stratum corneaum

- in psoriasis and calluses

59
Q

parakeratosis

A
  • hyper keratosis with retention of nuclei

- psoriasis

60
Q

hypergrnaulosis

A
  • increase in stratum granulosum

- lichen planus

61
Q

spongiosis

A

epidermal accumulation of edematous fluid in intercellular spaces
- eczematous dermatitis

62
Q

acantholysis

A

sepearation of epidermal cells

- pemphigus vulgaris

63
Q

acanthosis

A
  • epidermal hyperplasia (increase in spinosum)

- acanthosis nigricans

64
Q

albinism

A

less melanin production due to enzyme deficiency

65
Q

melasma

A
  • hyperpigmentation with OCP or pregnancy
66
Q

vitiligo

A

autoimmune destruction of melanocytes

67
Q

pseudofolliculitis barae

A
  • foreign body inflammation
  • hyperpigmented papules and pustules
  • result of shaving, in african americans
68
Q

psoriasis

A
  • acanthosis with parakeratotic scaling
  • micro abscesses
  • more spinosum, less granulosum
  • Auspitz sign from pinpoint dermal bleeding
69
Q

rosacea

A
  • no comedones

- phymatous rosacea causes nose deformities

70
Q

seborrheic keratosis

A
  • keratin filled cysts
  • stuck on lesions
  • Leser-Trelat - many meaning underlying malignancy
71
Q

angiosarcoma

A
  • elderly in sun exposed areas
  • radiation and chronic postmastectomy lymphedema
  • in liver - vinyl chloride and arsenic
72
Q

bacillary angiomatosis

A

bening capillary papules in AIDS

  • caused by Bartonella henselae
  • not Kaposi, has neutrophils
73
Q

cherry hemangioma

A
  • elderly, does not regress
74
Q

cystic hygroma

A

cavernous lymphangioma of neck, in Turners

75
Q

glomus tumor

A
  • painful, red-blue tumor under fingernail

- modified smooth muscle of thermoregulatory glomus body

76
Q

kaposi sarcoma

A
  • HHV8 in AIDS

- has lymphocytic infiltrate

77
Q

pyogenic granuloma

A
  • polypoid lobulated capillary hemangioma

- trauma and pregnancy

78
Q

strawberry hemangioma

A
  • in infants, will regress
79
Q

erysipelas

A
  • strep pyongenes
  • upper dermis and superficial lymphatics
  • well defined borders
80
Q

molluscum contagiosium

A

poxvirus

81
Q

hairy leukoplakia

A

while lesions on tongue that cant be scraped

  • EBV mediated
  • precancerous and associated with AIDS

First Aid (16 decks)

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