Renal 1

Question 1

main function of the kidneys

Answer 1

1. Filter and remove waste products

2. Regulate BP, fluid and acid/base balance

Question 2

what is the glomerular filtration rate

Answer 2

about 120-140ml/min of plasma is filtered at the glomerulus and passes into the Bowman capsule.

Question 3

GFR is related to…

Answer 3

GFR is related to the perfusion pressure of the glomerular capillaries

Question 4

this is the functioning unit of the kidney

Answer 4

nephron

Question 5

how many nephrons in a kidney

Answer 5

• 1 million nephrons in each
• Cortical nephrons- 85%
• Juxtamedullary nephrons- work to concentrate urine

Question 6

the glomerulus is supplied by…

Answer 6

supplied by the Afferent Arteriole

Question 7

the glomerulus is drained by…

Answer 7

drained by the Efferent Arteriole

Question 8

these control renal blood flow

Answer 8

Macula Densa cells

Question 9

what are the blood vessels in the kidneys

Answer 9

1. Renal Arteries- off of the abdominal aorta
2. Renal veins- empty into the SVC
3. Glomerular capillaries and arterioles
4. Other arteries- interlobar and arcuate
5. Other capillaries- peritubular and vasa recta

Question 10

what does renin trigger

Answer 10

water consumption through sodium

Question 11

what triggers the renin-aldosterone-angiotensin response

Answer 11

juxtaglomerular kidney cells, which sense changes in renal perfusion pressure

Question 12

how much blood flow goes to the kidneys

Answer 12

1/4 of total blood

Question 13

the glomerulus regulates

Answer 13

blood pressure

Question 14

what is blood flow determined by?

how much blood flow in body?

Answer 14

GFR

Question 15

in shock what happens to the GFR

Answer 15

GFR is decreased with triggers a release of epi, norepi and renin system

Question 16

is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid and electrolyte balance, as well as systemic vascular resistance

Answer 16

RAAS (renin-angiotensin–aldosterone system)

Question 17

what is the RAAS stimulated by

Answer 17

Stimulated by low blood pressure or certain nerve impulses (e.g. in stressful situations), the kidneys release an enzyme called renin.

Question 18

normal isotonic fluid is

Answer 18

270-300 mL

Question 19

in renal failure pt what happens to them metabolically

Answer 19

become ACIDODIC (metabolic acidosis is RENAL FAILURE)

Question 20

describe the distal tubes in the nephron

Answer 20

Distal tube has fluid (urea, nitrogen based products, K, and hydrogen ions) from lymph coming in

Question 21

how do healthy kidneys prevent acidocis

Answer 21

(kidneys release hydrogen ions)

Question 22

goal of Renal Blood Flow regulation

Answer 22

regulate bp with GFR

Question 23

As arterial pressure drops

Answer 23

the stretch on the afferent arteriolar wall decreases and the arteriole relaxes leading to an INCREASE in Renal Blood Flow

Question 24

As the arterial pressure increases

Answer 24

the arteriole contracts and leads to a DECREASE in Renal Blood Flow

Question 25

As the flow rate and NACL concentration decreases at the Macula Densa of the juxtaglomerular cells, the afferent arterioles constrict and the GFR decreases...

Answer 25

this is the Tubuloglomerular feedback | **release of RENIN

Question 26

how much urine should a healthy person expel and what color should it be

Answer 26

- Urine is clear yellow or amber in color | * *Amount: 1-3 L/day or 30ml/hour

Question 27

If urine output drops to less than 400/day...

Answer 27

oliguric and no urine output is anuric

Question 28

what is a normal urine pH and S.G.

Answer 28

- pH is 4.6 to 8.0, normally acidic to prevent bacteria from adhering - S. G. is 1.001-1.035

Question 29

these things should NOT be in the urine

Answer 29

Should not contain Glucose (but B.S. above 220mg/dl will show), Blood, bilirubin, ketones, protein, bacteria

Question 30

this increases water permeability and reabsorption

Answer 30

ADH

Question 31

describe ADH

Answer 31

- pituitary releases it as vasopressin | - prevents from diuresing too much

Question 32

if too much ADH...

Answer 32

oliguric (less than 400 ml/day)

Question 33

if too little ADH..

Answer 33

- diabetes insipidus | - diuresis, increase in water excretion (urinate a lot of clear urine)

Question 34

Distal tubule received the hypoosmotic urine from the ascending loop, concentration is controlled by

Answer 34

ADH

Question 35

stimulates the bone marrow to produce RBC’s in response to tissue hypoxia to the kidneys

Answer 35

Erythropoietin

Question 36

erythropoeitin also activates what vitamin

Answer 36

activates vitamin D (to store and absorb calcium)

Question 37

d/t the renal hormone erythropoetin, if kidneys are NOT working, pt is at chance of developing what

Answer 37

anemia (since it normally stimulates RBC production)

Question 38

how much sodium should be excreted in urine in 24 hrs

Answer 38

100-260 mEq/24 hr

Question 39

how much potassium should be excreted in urine in 24 hrs

Answer 39

25-100 mEq/24 hr