Neuro 1 Flashcards
neuro issues are typically due to problems of…
1) neurotransmission (Seizures)
2) perfustion (ischemic stroke or hematoma)
3) pathology (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s)
restrictive barrier for neurotoxic substances
blood brain barrier
describe the meninges
3 layers for protection
describe what comprises the cranium
80% brain
10% blood
10% CSF (make 20 ml/hr)
the brain is a…
-closed system, “box” according to the monrone kelly doctrine
why is it so dangerous if pressure inside the brain increases
- *does NOT have room to swell/grow
- so if pressure increases in brain, it can ONLY go down the spinal cord… will hit pons and medulla which affects breathing and BP regulation…
- may cause death)
you need to keep intracranial pressure under a controlled rate to prevent…
herniation
how does hyperventilation affect the brain
vasoconstriction and reduces ICP
what should the ICP be at normally
should be <15 mmHg
cerebral blood flow is maintained by…
*MAP (autoregulation)
want MAP between 70-100
what is the max fever the brain can tolerate
107 F
brain will fry-seizure and stop functioning all together
the brain runs on what two things
1) oxygen (needs to be aerobic to function)
2) glucose (needs a constant supply, brain is constantly active so needs lots of glucose to function)
parkinson’s is a lack of
dopamine
seizure is a lack of
oxygenation
what is the CPP formula
MAP- ICP
*must maintain this perfusion pressure to the brain
how much cerebral spinal fluid does the brain need and what happens if it comes out/starts to leak
- **125 mL at any one time in brain (must maintain this for good functioning)
- when this comes out, brain stops and goes into lock syndrome
- can come out of nose (drain out any times there is a fracture on face/head/spinal cord)
normal ICP
5-15
normal CPP
55-65
normal MAP
75
what is important to remember about the brain pressure during neuro surgery
Want perfusion pressure better in surgery (CPP 75-85), which will increase BP to heal whatever neurosurgery pt was having
how do we measure CPP
We measure ICP, not CPP (will come out of variant/formula)
anything that is myelinated..
Anything that is myelinated goes faster: pain, touch, heat
what does acetylcholine do
- excite (nerve, muscle)
- speeds things up in the brain, slows things down in heart tho
what inhibits acetylcholine
- serotonin
- inhibits acetylcholine (relax,sleep, mood, some pain)
what does norepinephrine do
excites (arousal, dreams, mood)
what inhibits norepi
- dopamine
- inhibits norepi (emotion, attention),
these neurotransmitters are thought to increase during seizures
Aspartate and glutamate
what does the frontal lobe of the brain do
- Motor, memories, judgment, affect, reason
- emotions, thoughts, makes you who you are (memories, thoughts, and ability to critically think/inhibit anger)
what does the parietal lobe of the brain do
**Sensation, texture, spatial, sing, eye-hand, taste
what does the occipital lobe of the brain do
vision
what does the medulla do
resp & cardiac slowing centers
what does the pons do
resp and cardiac acceleration centers;
what is the midbrain associated with
aqueduct and pain
