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Book Reviews and APKs > Rembe - Chapter 8 (PT Apps) > Flashcards

Rembe - Chapter 8 (PT Apps) Flashcards

Electrotherapy

1
Q

Wavelength of short ultraviolet radiation is

700-1500 mμ
1600-12,000 mμ
0.1-3 mm
180 - 290 mμ

A

180 - 290 mμ

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2
Q

Wavelength of long ultraviolet radiation is

700-1500 mμ
290-400 mμ
180-290 mμ
0.1-3 mm

A

290-400 mμ

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2
Q

What ultraviolet wavelength will produce reticuloendothelial stimulation?

2600-2700 Ǎ
2700-3000 Ǎ
2900-4000 Ǎ
2400-2600 Ǎ

A

2900-4000 Ǎ

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3
Q

The magnitude of radiation flux at any particular point of the skin depends upon the

a. Cross-sectional diameter of the radiation beam
b. Distance of that point from the radiating element
c. Wavelength of the adiation
d. Source of the radiation

A

b. Distance of that point from the radiating element

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4
Q

The major portion of radiation from long infrared is absorbed in the

Corium of the skin
Subcutaneous layers of the skin
Stratum corneum
Stratum mucosum

A

Stratum corneum

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4
Q

The major advantage of infrared heat lamp is

a. It filters out harmful ultraviolet rays
b. Local metabolism is increased
c. Eryhtemia is produced
d. It emits radiation only (ultraviolet rays)

A

b. Local metabolism is increased

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5
Q

The penetration of infrared radiation into skin tissue depends upon

Wavelength
Intensity of the source
Thickness of glass in the heat lamp
Wattage of the lamp

A

Wavelength

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6
Q

A natural source of infrared radiation is sunlight. Approximately what percentage of average sunlight is infrared radiation as compared to ultraviolet radiation?

40%
50%
60%
70%

A

60%

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6
Q

All of the following statements apply to short-wave infrared radiation EXCEPT:

a. Luminous infrared
b. Tungsten filament
c. 1500-12,000 mμ wavelength range
d. Penetrates as deeply as 10mm into skin tissue

A

c. 1500-12,000 mμ wavelength range

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7
Q

The primary effect of radiant energy on tissue is

Increase in circulation
Reduction of pain
Decrease in muscle spasm
Thermal

A

Thermal

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8
Q

Mottled appearance on the skin after repeated heat radiation is called

Erythemia dosage
Erythemia ad lib
Erythemia ab igne
Erythemia pigmentation

A

Erythemia ab igne

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9
Q

The normal polar formula for a galvanic current is

CCC-ACC-COC-AOC
CCC-COC-AOC-ACC
CCC-ACC-AOC-COC
CCC-AOC-ACC-COC

A

CCC-ACC-AOC-COC

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10
Q

All of the following take place during a full or total reaction of degeneration to a muscle following a peripheral nerve injury EXCEPT:

a. The longitudinal reaction is positive
b. There is decreased excitability to the galvanic current
c. There is no response to faradic stimulation
d. The chronaxie is decreased

A

d. The chronaxie is decreased

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11
Q

All of the following are ions with a positive charge and may be introduced into tissue with the positive pole of a direct current EXCEPT:

Copper
Zinc
Histamine
Salicylic Acid

A

Salicylic Acid

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12
Q

In iontophoresis, one should keep the current strength in relation to the size of the electrodes. Approximately what milliamperage of galvanic current may be used as a guide per square inch of electrode surface?

0.5-1
1-2
2-4
2-3

A

0.5-1

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13
Q

Compare the use of histamine and mecholyl in common ion transfer by the continuous galvanic current. All of the following apply to mecholyl EXCEPT

a. Produces a more intense local counterirritation
b. Deposited in deeper layers of the skin and is more gradually absorbed
c. Systemic effects occur as a rule and more often
d. Gives best results in joint affections, peptic ulcer disease,and in varicose ulcers

A

a. Produces a more intense local counterirritation

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14
Q

For each degree Fahrenheit rise of body temperature, the pulse rate will increase about

2 beats
4 beats
6 beats
10 beats

A

10 beats

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15
Q

An example of the transmission of heat by conduction is

Diathermy
Hot water issue
Ultrasound
Microthermy

A

Hot water issue

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16
Q

According to the temperature law of van’t Hoff, for every rise of 10 °C the rate of oxidation is increased by how many times?

Once
Twice
2.5
3

A

2.5

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17
Q

The range of the wavelength for long-wave infrared radiation is approximately

4000-8000 mμ
4000-8000 mμ
800-1500 Ǎ
1500-12,000 mμ

A

1500-12,000 mμ

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18
Q

Complications that may result from excess ultraviolet radiation are

Impetigo
Herpes simplex
Telangiectasia
All of the above

A

All of the above

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19
Q

The galvanic-tetanus ratio of normal muscle is

10-12 to 1
1 to 1
Applicably only to denervated muscle
None of the above

A

10-12 to 1

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19
Q

Increase in the chronaxie of a muscle signifies

Significant factor
Excitability of muscle decrease
Intensity
Constant current

A

Excitability of muscle decrease

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20
Q

PTRP ka na this JUNE, 2024! 🫶🏽

A
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21
Q

The area of the body most sensitive to ultraviolet radiation is

Face
Hands
Feet
Arms

A

Face

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22
Q

Compare the characteristics of two luminous infrared generators, one of the 150 watts and one of 1500 watts intensity. The latter will

a. Penetrate deeper into tissue
b. Emit radiation ranging from 1500 to 12,000 mμ
c. Emit short wave infrared radiation
d. Be less satisfactory to treat larger areas of the body

A

c. Emit short wave infrared radiation

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23
Q

Luminous infrared radiation

a. Penetrates more deeply into tissues with high wattage
b. Has a wavelength range of 1500-12,000 mμ
c. Has a tungsten filaments as a source
d. Has a longer wavelength than non luminous infrared radiation

A

c. Has a tungsten filaments as a source

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24
Q

Whether local or general effects result from infrared radiation depends upon

Wavelength of radiation
Frequency of radiation
Intensity of radiation
Not a factor

A

Intensity of radiation

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25
Q

Which of the following apply to the clinical application of ultraviolet radiation?

a. Guide of dosage is the erythemal response of the patient
b. Standard skin burner distance is 30 inches
c. No erythemal dose should be administered until reaction from previous exposures has subsided
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

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26
Q

The opposition offered by the electrical conductor to the flow of a current is represented by the

Ohm
Volt
Ampere
Farad

A

Ohm

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26
Q

Which of the following apply to positive ions?

Attracted to the anode
Produced by ionization of acids
Attracted to the cathode
Produces no ionization

A

Attracted to the cathode

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27
Q

The duration of the faradic impulse is about

0.001 of a second
1 megasecond
0.01 of a second
Variable

A

0.001 of a second

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27
Q

Electrical stimulation of denervated muscle

a. Maintains part of its contractility and nutrition
b. Does prevent atrophy
c. Will produce an alternating contraction
d. Maintains circulation

A

a. Maintains part of its contractility and nutrition

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28
Q

When a muscle is in a state of partial reaction of degeneration, it responds to a tetanizing (faradic) current by

Normal reaction
Diminished response
No response
Brisk contraction

A

Diminished response

29
Q

The tetanus-frequency of a denervated muscle is

5-10/second
30-50/second
Over 100/second
None of the above

A

5-10/second

30
Q

Qualitative changes in electrical reactions of muscle tissue are

Sluggish contraction
Hyperexcitability or hypoexcitability
Maximal contraction
A contraction which continues

A

Sluggish contraction

31
Q

The magnetron oscillator is a component of the

Short-wave diathermy
Ultrasound generator
Low-frequency generator
Microthermy

A

Short-wave diathermy

32
Q

Which of the following show the best conductivity of all tissues to an electrical current?

Skin
Tendon
Bone
Muscle

A

Muscle

33
Q

A dielectric substance is

a. A device for storing an electrical charge
b. A substance which is a good conductor of electricity
c. An electrolyte
d. An insulating substance allowing electrostatic induction across it

A

d. An insulating substance allowing electrostatic induction across it

34
Q

A full reaction of degeneration indicates which of the following conditions?

a. Lower motor neuron lesion
b. Upper motor neuron lesions
c. Recent CVA
d. Long-standing peripheral nerve injury

A

a. Lower motor neuron lesion

35
Q

Heating in an electromagnetic field

a. Produces eddy currents in conductive substances
b. Is a so-called current of capacity
c. Is less effective in vascular type of tissue
d. Is by a conduction current

A

a. Produces eddy currents in conductive substances

36
Q

High frequency (short wave diathermy) wavelength of 22 meters is

27.12 MHz/second
40 MHz/second
13.56 Mhz/second
None of the above

A

13.56 Mhz/second

37
Q

High frequency (short wave diathermy) wavelength of 11 meters is

27.12 MHz/second
40 MHz/second
13.56 MHz/second
None of the above

A

27.12 MHz/second

38
Q

A faradic coil

a. Is a device for the production of an induced current from an alternating current source
b. Contains a primary and a secondary coil
c. Produces an induced current less than the original current source
d. Contains a step-down transformer as one of its components

A

b. Contains a primary and a secondary coil

38
Q

In ionthophoresis, ions with a positive charge are introduced into the tissues with the positive pole of the direct current. Which of the following ions have a positive charge?

Iodine
Histamine
Salicylic acid
Brass

A

Histamine

39
Q

In stimulating denervated muscle, which of the following factors must be considered?

Intensity
Duration
Frequency
All of the above

A

All of the above

40
Q

The counterirritant effect produced by infrared radiation is best explained by

a. The increase in venous and arterial capillary pressure
b. A desensitization of superficial sensory nerves
c. The decrease of stimuli passing over sensory nerves
d. The sedative effect produced by mild heating

A

b. A desensitization of superficial sensory nerves

41
Q

The unit of power is represented by the

Ohm
Volt
Ampere
Watt

A

Watt

42
Q

Which of the following changes are known as reaction of degeneration following a peripheral nerve injury?

a. Fatty degeneration of the muscle fibers
b. Atrophy of muscle cells
c. Degeneration of the nerve trunk
d. Changes in the electrical reaction of the muscle fibers

A

d. Changes in the electrical reaction of the muscle fibers

43
Q

Pigmentation resulting from infrared radiation is

Homogenous
Sharply bordered
Mottled
Very light red

A

Mottled

44
Q

Pigmentation resulting from ultraviolet radiation is

Homogenous
Hereroneneous
Mottled
Dark red, spotted, or forms a network

A

Homogenous

44
Q

Ultrasound causes the greatest rise in temperature in tissues with

Adipose
Cartilage
Tendon
Protein

A

Protein

45
Q

When using ultrasound, cavitation can occur in which of the following?

After Iaminectomy
Carotid sinus
Infected wound
Plastic implants

A

After Iaminectomy

46
Q

Caviation from ultrasound in tissue layers can result from

Low intensity
Higher than therapeutic intensity
Therapeutic intensity
High intensity

A

Higher than therapeutic intensity

47
Q

A patient complaining of a burning pain during ultrasound treatment indicates

Too much intensity
Too fast movement of sound head
Insufficient medium
Too much medium

A

Insufficient medium

48
Q

To increase the nerve conduction velocity while using ultrasound, what wattage do you use?

2 w/cm2
3 w/cm2
1 w/cm2
1.5 w/cm2

A

3 w/cm2

49
Q

Ultrasound has what effect on membrane permeability?

No change
Alternating
Decrease
Increase

A

Increase

50
Q

Which of the following is an asymmetrical alternating current?

Square wave DC
Faradic impulse
Sine wave
Static wave

A

Faradic impulse

51
Q

The conventional tens usage is based on what theory?

All or none
Open gate
Close gate
No gate

A

Close gate

52
Q

All of the following apply to chronaxie EXCEPT

a. It is represented by a point on the S-D curve
b. is an index to muscle excitability
c. It is measured in milliseconds
d. It is represented by intensity

A

d. It is represented by intensity

53
Q

The rheobasic current for denervated muscle is

Galvanic
Faradic
Sine
static

A

Galvanic

54
Q

When a motor nerve has been sectioned, the chronaxie

a. Decreases
b. Disappears
c. Remains unaltered for a period of a week to 10 days
d. Undergoes a longitudinal reaction

A

c. Remains unaltered for a period of a week to 10 days

55
Q

DeBois-Reymond’s law deals with

Rheobase
Chronaxie
Intensity of stimulus
Make-break law

A

Intensity of stimulus

56
Q

Electrotonus causes the nerve irritability to

Decrease at cathode
Increase at cathode
Increase at anode
No change at anode

A

Increase at cathode

57
Q

When the human skin absorbs ultraviolet radiation at the 2 mm level, the layer is called

Stratum granulosum
Statum spinosum
Basal cells
Stratum cornium

A

Stratum cornium

58
Q

In ultraviolet radiation, the intensity of radiation varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source. Which law applies?

Angulation of Rays law
Inverse square law
The law of Grotthus
Dubois-Reymond’s law

A

Inverse square law

59
Q

All of the following statements apply to the reinforcing stimulus type sunlight lamps EXCEPT

a. Radiation below 2800 Ǎ is absorbed by the Corex D glass envelope
b. Radiation includes both ultraviolet and infrared
c. Produces ultraviolet effectiveness at 24 weeks
d. Requires no special electrical fixture

A

c. Produces ultraviolet effectiveness at 24 weeks

60
Q

Electromagnetic induction was discovered by

Joule
Isaac Newton
Galvanic
Faraday

A

Faraday

61
Q

All of the following apply to a current of electricity EXCEPT

a. Heat is produced in all parts of the circuit
b. Chemical action is produced by a direct current
c. A magnetic needle is deflected when brought near a circuit when the current is flowing
d. Very rapid alternating currents produce no chemical effects

A

d. Very rapid alternating currents produce no chemical effects

62
Q

When testing for the polarity of a direct current generator, all of the following statements occur EXCEPT

a. The pole which causes the most rapid bubbling is the anode
b. The pole which causes the most rapid bubbling is the cathode
c. The bubbles consist of hydrogen gas
d. The hydrogen ions have a positive charge

A

a. The pole which causes the most rapid bubbling is the anode

63
Q

All of the following items apply to short wave diathermy dosage EXCEPT

a. The heat sensation of the patient is the most effective guide to dosage
b. A rapid rise of heating is desirable
c. The meter does not register the amount of energy passing to the patient
d. The procedure must never cause pain during treatment

A

b. A rapid rise of heating is desirable

64
Q

All of the following apply to reaction of degeneration EXCEPT

a. The lesion is in the lower motor neuron
b. The stage of reaction of degeneration denotes the severity of the lesion
c. The stage of reaction of degeneration denotes the etiology of the lesion
d. It indicates an organic lesion

A

c. The stage of reaction of degeneration denotes the etiology of the lesion

65
Q

In a peripheral nerve lesion, there is no reaction of degeneration. This indicates that recovery will take place in

2-4 weeks
6-12 weeks
6-12 months
It is a functional condition

A

2-4 weeks

66
Q

All of the following represent normal chronaxie values for skeletal muscle EXCEPT

1/1000 second
1 sigma
1 millisecond
1000 milliseconds

A

1000 milliseconds

67
Q

The principal physical effect of iontophoresis by a direct current is an acid and alkaline reaction. The intensity of these reactions varies with the

Intensity of the current at each pole
Relative density of the current at each pole
Both A and B
Neither A nor B

A

Both A and B

68
Q

In electromyography, denervated muscle would be indicated by

Fibrillation voltages (potentials)
Fasciculation voltages (potentials)
Both A and B
Neither A nor B

A

Both A and B

69
Q

The minimal amount of current necessary to elicit threshold contraction of muscle is

Chronaxie
Rheobase
Both A and B
Neither A nor B

A

Rheobase

70
Q

In a strength-duration curve, the variable factors are

Rheobase
Wave form
Both A and B
Neither A nor B

A

Wave form

71
Q

There is no response to a faradic stimulation to muscle tissue in

Partial reaction of degeneration
Full reaction of degeneration
Both A and B
Neither A nor B

A

Full reaction of degeneration

72
Q

The primary effects of ultraviolet radiation on tissue is

Photochemical
Production of vitamin D
Both A and B
Neither A nor B

A

Photochemical

73
Q

The clinical effect of mild general body heating is

Decrease in blood pressure
Increase in pulse rate
Both A and B
Neither A nor B

A

Both A and B

74
Q

In iontophoresis, vasodilating drugs would be used in

Rheumatic diseases
Peripheral vascular affections
Both A and B
Neither A nor B

A

Both A and B

75
Q

A functional or hysterical paralysis will respond to

Galvanic current
Faradic current
Both A and B
Neither A nor B

A

Both A and B

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