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Book Reviews and APKs > Rembe - Chapter 1 (MS) > Flashcards

Rembe - Chapter 1 (MS) Flashcards

Pathology

1
Q

The disease that closely resembles tuberculosis both clinically and histologically is

a. Osteomyelitis
b. Nasopharyngitis
c. Erysipelas
d. Histoplasmosis

A

Histoplasmosis

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2
Q

All of the following are complications that may occur as a result of a fracture EXCEPT:

a. Infection
b. Volkmann’s ischemic contracture
c. Crush syndrome
d. Fat embolism

A

c. Crush syndrome

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3
Q

A malignant neoplasm of glandular epithelium is

a. Adenoma
b. Adenocarcinoma
c. Papilloma
d. Basal cell carcinoma

A

Adenocarcinoma

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4
Q

Which of the following neoplasms is malignant?

a. Fibroma
b. Chondroma
c. Osteoma
d. Neuroblastoma

A

Neuroblastoma

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5
Q

A change from columnar epithelium to squamous epithelium may occur in chronic inflammations or vitamin A Deficiency; this is called:

a. Metaplasia
b. Anaplasia
c. Neoplasia
d. Hyperplasia

A

Metaplasia

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6
Q

A condition in which the loss of cellular and organizational differentiation tends to parallel the degree of malignancy is

a. Metaplasia
b. Anaplasia
c. Neoplasia
d. Hyperplasia

A

Anaplasia

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7
Q

The vitamin essential or important in callus production in fracture repair is

a. Vitamin A
b. Vitamin C
c. Vitamin B1
d. Vitamin B12

A

Vitamin C

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8
Q

Which of the following factors are pathogenetic of the edema resulting from congestive heart failure?

a. Decreased cardiac output
b. Increased blood supply to various organs and tissues
c. Increased excretion of sodium by the kidneys
d. Decreased blood volume and elevated venous pressure

A

a. Decreased cardiac output

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9
Q

A megaloblastic anemia that results from a deficiency of vitamin B12 is known as

a. Normocytic anemia
b. Macrocytic anemia
c. Microcytic anemia
d. Pernicious anemia

A

Pernicious anemia

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10
Q

The lymphoid system is composed of all of the following EXCEPT

a. Bone marrow
b. Thymus
c. Liver
d. Spleen

A

Liver

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11
Q

All of the following are features of basophils EXCEPT

a. Common with most cells in connective tissue
b. Have cytoplasmic granules
c. Present in large numbers in exudate
d. Contain histamine and heparin

A

Present in large numbers in exudate

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12
Q

In congestive heart disease, which of the following organs is most seriously affected due to the decreased blood supply that ensues?

a. Lungs
b. Kidneys
c. Intestines
d. Brain

A

Kidneys

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13
Q

All of the following properties are generally associated with immunological reaction ЕХСЕРТ

a. Memory
b. Self-recognition
c. Specificity
d. Forgetfulness

A

Forgetfulness

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14
Q

A hemorrhage that is discrete and localized within a tissue is referred to as a

a. Hematoma
b. Hematuria
c. Hemoptysis
d. Hematemesis

A

Hematoma

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15
Q

A hemorrhagic condition in which the hemorrhages are small and punctate is referred to as

a. Purpura
b. Melena
c. Ecchymosis
d. Petechiae

A

Melena

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16
Q

In differentiating diabetes mellitus from diabetes insipidus, the latter condition

a. Is closely related to the former
b. Is associated with pituitary disease
c. Results from insulin deficiency
d. Is a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism

A

b. Is associated with pituitary disease

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17
Q

Avitaminosis A or vitamin A deficiency in the diet leads to

a. Peripheral neuritis, a widespread edema, and myocardial weakness
b. Development of pernicious anemia
c. A decrease in the integrity of the endothelial lining of capillaries leading to petechiae throughout the body
d. A degeneration of the epithelium of the respiratory and digestive tracts and certain glands

A

d. A degeneration of the epithelium of the respiratory and digestive tracts and certain glands

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18
Q

An upset in the mechanisms controlling fluid balance of a tissue produces edema. The basic cause of edema is

a. An increase in the permeability of the capillary endothelium
b. Decreased capillary blood pressure
c. Increased plasma colloidal osmotic pressure
d. Increased extravascular tissue pressure

A

a. An increase in the permeability of the capillary endothelium

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19
Q

The condition of uremia results from renal insufficiency. Characteristics of this condition are

a. Anemia
b. High blood urea levels
c. High creatinine levels
d. Low nonprotein nitrogen levels

A

Anemia

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20
Q

Differentiate between heat stroke and heat exhaustion. The former condition is one in which

a. A high temperature overwhelms the body’s temperature
b. The skin is tepid
c. The skin is cold and clammy
d. The oral temperature is low

A

a. A high temperature overwhelms the body’s temperature

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21
Q

Inflammation is a local reaction in which the body attempts to remove some irritant that has been introduced into the tissues. This reaction or process may be caused by

a. Trauma, even though no bacteria are present
b. Acute infections resulting from the presence of bacteria
c. Frost bite
d. AOTA

A

AOTA

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22
Q

Active hyperemia refers to an increased flow of arterial blood to a part as a result of arteriolar dilatation produced by

a. Nervous stimuli
b. Defective cardiac action
c. Pressure of tumor mass
d. Thrombosis of a vein

A

Nervous stimuli

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23
Q

Which of the following is a type of necrosis?

a. Lack of coagulation
b. Lack of liquefaction
c. Lack of caseation
d. Gangrene

A

Gangrene

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24
Q

The characteristic cell type involved in a chronic inflammatory process is the

a. Eosinophil
b. Lymphocyte
c. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte
d. Mast cell

A

Lymphocyte

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25
Q

The principal types of inflammatory processes are acute, chronic, and granulomatous. A granulomatous inflammation is

a. A subvariety of an acute process
b. A subvariety of a chronic process
c. The result of trauma to bone
d. The result of trauma to soft tissue

A

b. A subvariety of a chronic process

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26
Q

The symptoms of pulmonary infarction are characterized by

a. A sudden sharp chest pain
b. Hemoptysis
c. Tachycardia and dyspnea
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

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27
Q

In differentiating an organic disease from a functional disease, the lesions distinguishing an organic disease

a. May be microscopically observable
b. May be a temporary disturbance of function
c. May be symptomatic in the early stages
d. Always produce symptoms

A

a. May be microscopically observable

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28
Q

An acute bacterial infection that is not dependent upon the presence of organisms in the blood is termed a

a. Bacteremia
b. Septicemia
c. Pyemia
d. Toxemia

A

Toxemia

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29
Q

Hypertrophy of the left ventricle of the heart is associated with

a. Mitral stenosis
b. Hypotension
c. Pulmonary stenosis
d. Aortic stenosis

A

Aortic stenosis

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30
Q

In differentiating a coup injury from a contrecoup injury to the brain, the latter is

a. A type of contusion occurring directly beneath the area of impact
b. A type of contusion occurring directly opposite the point of impact
c. The result of a moving object that strikes the skull
d . The result of a crush syndrome

A

b. A type of contusion occurring directly opposite the point of impact

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31
Q

In differentiating an active hyperemia (or congestion) from a passive congestion, a passive congestion

a. Causes decreased circulation to a tissue or part
b. Causes an increased flow of arterial blood to a tissue or part
c. Leads to a decreased metabolic activity of the tissue or part
d. Is the result of an acute inflammatory process

A

d. Is the result of an acute inflammatory process

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32
Q

One of the many complications occurring as a result of a fracture is Volkmann’s ischemic contracture. This condition

a. May occur after a fracture is sustained in the upper extremity
b. Is caused by an interference of the nerve supply because of the cast
c. Is the result of a deficient arterial blood supply
d. Is caused by an interference with the venous return

A

d. Is caused by an interference with the venous return

32
Q

In differentiating between infectious hepatitis and serum hepatitis, the latter

a. Is acquired through the gastrointestinal tract
b. Is transmitted to the host via transfusion
c. Produces no liver changes
d. Has a shorted incubation period

A

b. Is transmitted to the host via transfusion

33
Q

The neuroglia responsible for gliosis (filling the cranial defect resulting from trauma or infection) are

a. Microglia
b. Oligodendroglia
c. Astrocytes
d. Macrophages

A

Astrocytes

34
Q

Anemia characterized by a decrease in erythrocytes due to hemorrhage is

a. Macrocytic anemia
b. Hypochromic anemia
c. Microcytic anemia
d. Normocytic anemia

A

Normocytic anemia

34
Q

Which of the following neoplasms are benign?

a. Fibrosarcoma
b. Adenocarcinoma
c. Microglia
d. Hemangioma

A

Hemangioma

35
Q

Which of the following conditions affect the lipoid structures of the body?

a. Wallerian degeneration
b. Fat necrosis
c. Intestinal lipodystrophy
d. Hyaline degeneration

A

Wallerian degeneration

36
Q

Anemia characterized by a decreased concentration of hemoglobin is

a. Macrocytic anemia
b. Hypochromic anemia
c. Microcytic anemia
d. Normocytic anemia

A

Hypochromic anemia

37
Q

Which of the following are NOT normal breakdown products of hemoglobin?

a. Hemosiderin
b. Hemetoidin
c. Bilirubin
d. Hematin

A

Hematin

38
Q

The clinical picture of right ventricular hypertrophy in congestive heart failure does NOT include which of the following?

a. Cyanosis
b. Ascites
c. Edema of lower extremities
d. Dyspnea

A

Dyspnea

39
Q

A cardiovascular disorder that causes hypertrophy of the left ventricle is

a. Pulmonary hypertension
b. Systemic hypotension
c. Stenosis of the mitral valves
d. Stenosis of the aortic valves

A

d. Stenosis of the aortic valves

40
Q

Which of the following factors are related to diabetes mellitus?

a. Disorder of carbohydrate metabolism
b. Associated with pituitary disease
c. Obesity is not a common feature
d. Hypoglycemia is present

A

a. Disorder of carbohydrate metabolism

41
Q

Which of the following clinical features of congestive heart failure would NOT be attributable to right ventricular failure?

a. Peripheral edema (lower extremities, abdomen)
b. Congestion of liver
c. Increase in venous pressure
d. Pulmonary edema

A

a. Peripheral edema (lower extremities, abdomen)

42
Q

Epithelioid cells are common to all of the following EXCEPT

a. Common component of granulomatous inflammation
b. Walls off agents the body is not
c. Are altered macrophages
d. Are altered epithelial cells

A

d. Are altered epithelial cells

43
Q

All of the following are examples of humoral immunity EXCEPT

a. Antibody-mediated
b. Mediated by sensitized T lymphocytes
c. B lymphocytes involved
d. Induced by protein molecules

A

b. Mediated by sensitized T lymphocytes

44
Q

Which of the following results are caused by a passive congestion to a tissue or part?

a. Increased circulation
b. Increased metabolism
c. Increased oxygen supply
d. Increased capillary permeability

A

Increased capillary permeability

45
Q

Which of the following is an example of cellular immunity?

a. Antibody-mediated
b. Anaphylactic shock after injection
c. Response probably immediate
d. Positive tuberculin skin test

A

d. Positive tuberculin skin test

46
Q

The most common type of intracranial bleeding due to trauma associated with the head is

a. Subdural hemorrhage
b. Subarachnoid hemorrhage
c. Intercranial
d. Extracranial

A

b. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

47
Q
A
48
Q

The most frequent involvement for myocardial infarction is in the

a. Right ventricle
b. Left ventricle
c. Right atrium
d. Left atrium

A

Left ventricle

49
Q

The most common cause of cerebral vascular accidents (stroke) is

a. Thrombosis
b. Hemorrhage
c. Aneurysm
d. Neoplasms

A

Thrombosis

50
Q

All of the following account for increases in blood vessel diameter and permeability EXCEPT

a. Histamine
b. Plasma kinins
c. Corticosteroids
d. Prostaglandins

A

Corticosteroids

51
Q

An antibody that can enhance phagocytosis and macrophages is

a. Hapten
b. Opsonin
c. Agglutinin
d. Precipitin

A

Opsonin

52
Q

A diet deficient in vitamin B2, riboflavin, causes

a. Beriberi
b. Scurvy
c. Cheilosis and eye lesions
d. Pernicious anemia

A

Cheilosis and eye lesions

53
Q

In the process of coagulation, or clotting of blood, the platelets

a. Liberate thromboplastin, which neutralizes heparin
b. Activate thrombin from prothombin
c. Change fibrinogen to fibrin
d. Enter into the reaction with calcium salts and prothrombin to form fibrinogen

A

a. Liberate thromboplastin, which neutralizes heparin

53
Q
A
54
Q

In an inflammatory process, the body’s first line of defense - the first type of white blood cell to collect outside of blood vessels - is the

a. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte
b. Monocyte
c. Lymphocyte
d. Polymorphonuclear Eosinophils

A

a. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte

55
Q

The principal ion of extracellular fluids is

a. Potassium
b. Phosphate
c. Sodium
d. Chloride

A

Sodium

56
Q

As a result of a disease, fluid may be formed in the pleural cavities. This fluid

a. May form as the result of an inflammation and is called a transudate
b. May result from back pressure in the veins and capillaries and is called an exudate
c. Comes from blood vessels, whether it is an exudate or transudate
d. Is thin and watery in empyema

A

c. Comes from blood vessels, whether it is an exudate or transudate

57
Q

The most chronic disease of the lungs is

a. Pulmonary tuberculosis
b. Emphysema
c. Asthma
d. Bronchiectasis

A

Emphysema

58
Q

All of the following are favorable conditions for a thrombosis EXCEPT

a. Venous stasis
b. Increased blood platelets
c. Rough vessel lining
d. Decreased viscosity of the blood

A

Decreased viscosity of the blood

59
Q

A Disease involving the aorta and its large branches is called

a. Monckeberg’s sclerosis
b. Arteriolosclerosis
c. Atherosclerosis
d. Arteriosclerosis

A

Atherosclerosis

60
Q

A patient who is a weight-lifter has increased the size of the deltoid, biceps, and triceps muscles. This increase is known as

a. Hyperplasia
b. Hypertrophy
c. Hypotrophy
d. Hypermobility

A

Hypertrophy

61
Q

A pulmonary patient states he has a daily cough and increased sputum over the past few years. You would suspect this patient to have

a. Acute bronchitis
b. Chronic bronchitis
c. Pulmonary emphysema
d. Bronchial asthma

A

Chronic bronchitis

61
Q

An individual with spontaneous attacks of wheezing and dyspnea is otherwise usually free of these symptoms. This patient very likely has

a. Chronic bronchitis
b. Acute Bronchitis
c. Bronchial asthma
d. Pulmonary emphysema

A

Bronchial asthma

62
Q

An individual states he becomes short of breath and wheezes when he runs, mows the lawn, or does other heavy work. What disease is he demonstrating?

a. Bronchial asthma
b. Chronic bronchitis
c. Pulmonary emphysema
d. Acute bronchitis

A

Pulmonary emphysema

63
Q

All of the following are manifestations of atopic dermatitis EXCEPT

a. Bronchial asthma
b. Allergic eczematous
c. Allergic rhinitis
d. Hay fever

A

Allergic eczematous

64
Q

All of the following are sites of metastasis of Hodgkin’s disease EXCEPT

a. Lymph nodes
b. Liver
c. Spleen
d. Lungs

A

Lungs

65
Q

All of the following are reactions caused by leukemia EXCEPT

a. Growth of cells in abnormal areas
b. Destruction of bone marrow
c. Production of abnormal protein
d. Increased metabolic rate

A

Production of abnormal protein

66
Q

Hemophilia is usually transmitted from an affected male through which member of his family?

a. Son
b. Daughter
d. Granddaughter

A

Daughter

67
Q

Following cell injury by a pathogenic bacteria, what reaction can be expected in the host?

a. Death reaction
b. Necrotic reaction
c. A sterile reaction
d. An acute inflammatory reaction

A

An acute inflammatory reaction

68
Q

All of the following cells are capable of regenerating following necrosis EXCEPT

a. Myocardial
b. Epithelial
c. Lymphoid
d. Neurons

A

d. Neurons

69
Q

When comparing healing by first intention to healing by secondary intention, one would expect all of the following to occur EXCEPT

a. Less scarring
b. Greater amount of exudate
c. Process to be completed in a longer time
d. More granulation tissue

A

Less scarring

70
Q

In evaluating an acute inflammation, which of the following signs would be present?

a. Calor
b. Rigor
c. Algor
d. Algae

A

Calor

71
Q

Increased vascular permeability as a result of inflammation includes which of the following?

a. Heat
b. Coolness
c. Swelling
d. Redness

A

Swelling

72
Q

All of the following are systemic manifestations associated with inflammation EXCEPT

a. Leukocytosis
b. Malaise
c. Fever
d. Agranulocytosis

A

Agranulocytosis

73
Q

In chronic inflammation, which of the following cells are LEAST likely to be found in large members?

a. Lymphocytes
b. Neutrophils
c. Fibroblasts
d. Macrophages

A

Neutrophils

74
Q

All of the following statements apply to cystic fibrosis EXCEPT

a. It is a familial disease, the defect transmitted as an autosomal recessive gene
b. It results in a mucoviscidosis of the glands of the trachea and bronchi only
c. It involves the pancreas
d. It may eventually involve the liver, resulting to cirrhosis

A

b. It results in a mucoviscidosis of the glands of the trachea and bronchi only

75
Q

Which of the following conditions may lead to renal failure due to anoxic necrosis?

a. Shock
b. Trauma
c. Incompatible blood transfusion
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

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