Remaining Exam 3 Material [CH 21] Flashcards
anatomy of the thorax
chest + ribs
chest
-lies between the base of the neck + diaphragm
-contained within T-spine + ribs
ribs
-12 pairs of flat bones
-attached to thoracic vertebrae + sternum
how many pairs of ribs are there
12 pairs
what type of bones are ribs
flat bones
main function of thorax
-protect the vital respiratory circulatory organs
-assist lungs in inspiration + expiration
anatomy of the abdomen
abdominal cavity lies between the diaphragm + pelvis
function of the abdomen
protects the underlying abdominal viscera
abdominal muscles (4)
-rectus abdominus
-external obliques
-internal obliques
-transverse abdominus
abdominal viscera
-part of digestive, urinary, reproductive, + lymphatic systems
-contains hollow + solid organs
-divided into 4 quadrants
solid organs (5)
-kidneys
-spleen
-liver
-pancreas
-adrenal glands
hollow organs (4)
-stomach
-intestines
-gallbladder
-urinary bladder
prevention of thorax + abdominal injuries- protective equipment
-shoulder pads
-rib protectors
-back plates
other ways to prevent thorax/abdominal injuries besides protective equipment
-abdominal strength
-empty hollow organs prior to practice or competition
-eat 3-4 hours prior to competition
assessment of the thorax + abdomen- history
-was there a direct blow?
-have you had any difficulty breathing?
-do you feel any pain in your chest?
-is there any difficulty or pain in urinating?
assessment of the thorax + abdomen- observation
-most important, is the athlete breathing?
-is the athlete holding their chest wall?
-does the thorax appear to be symmetrical?
-is the athlete holding a specific part of the abdomen?
assessment of the thorax + abdomen- palpation of THORAX
-hands on either side of chest during breathing to check for asymmetry in chest wall movement
-palpate along ribs for tender areas
assessment of the thorax + abdomen- palpation of ABDOMEN
-supine or hook lying with arms at side
-palpate the area with the tips of your fingers to feel for any tightness or rigidity
-referred pain
-rebound tenderness
rib fx- cause
-direct impact (kick or compression of rib cage)
-ribs 5-9 are the most commonly fractured
what ribs are most commonly fx
5-9
rib fx- signs
-severe pain during inspiration
-sharp pain with palpation
rib fx- care
-referred for x-ray
-simple fx heal within 3-4 weeks
-rib brace can offer protection
costal cartilage injury- cause
-direct blow to the thorax
-indirectly from a sudden twist or fall on a ball
costal cartilage injury- signs
-sharp pain during sudden movement of the trunk
-difficulty of breathing deeply
-pain localized in the junction of the rib cartilage + rib
costal cartilage injury- care
-rest
-healing takes 1-2 months
intercostal muscle injury- cause
-direct blow
-sudden torsion of the athlete’s trunk
intercostal muscle injury- signs
-pain with active motion
-painful with inspiration + expiration
-pain with laughing, coughing, sneezing
intercostal muscle injury- care
-cryotherapy
-rib brace for patient comfort
4 types of injuries to the lungs
-pneumothroax
-tension pneumothroax
-hemothorax
-traumatic asphyxia
pneumothroax
pleural cavity of the lung becomes filled with air causing lung to collapse
tension pneumothorax
pleural cavity of one side fills with air + displaces the lung + heart toward the opposite side, compressing the opposite lung
hemothorax
blood within the pleural cavity
traumatic asphyxia
result of violent blow to or compression of the rib cage, causing cessation of breathing
signs of injury to the lungs
-difficulty breathing
-chest pain on side of injury
-shortness of breath
-coughing up blood
-cyanosis (bluish skin)
care for injuries to lungs
-medical emergency
-call 911
-monitor vitals
sudden death syndrome in athletes
congenital cardiovascular abnormalities are the most common cause of exercise-induced sudden death in athletes younger than 35
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
thickened cardiac muscle
anomalous origin of the coronary artery
one of the two coronary vessels originating in a different site from normal
Marfan’s syndrome
abnormal connective tissue, resulting in the weakening of the aorta + cardiac valves
commotio cortis
disruption of normal heart rhythm at a critical point during the heartbeat (from a direct blow to the chest)
signs of sudden death syndrome in athletes
-chest pain or discomfort during exertion
-pre-syncope or syncope
-fever
-heart palpations
-heart murmurs
-shortness of breath
-general malaise
-nausea
care for sudden death syndrome in athletes
-life threatening medical emergency
-CPR
Marfan syndrome- signs
-people are born with it; however, may not show signs until adult
-some obvious signs inlcude:
* long arms, legs, + fingers
* tall + thin body type
* curved spine
-associated with heart, lung, + eye problems
Marfan syndrome
genetic disorder affecting the body’s CT
-can affect the heart, enlarging the aorta which can be life-threatening
commotio cordis- cause
sudden impact to the chest at a critical time in the heart cycle that can lead to death
commotio cordis- signs
-primarily affects young males
-baseball is the most common sport affected
commotio cordis- care
immediate CPR + use of an AED to shock the athletes heart back into a regular cardiac rhythm
abdominal strains + contusions- cause
-sudden twisting of the trunk or reaching overhead
-compressive forces
-rectus abdominus is most commonly strained
abdominal strains + contusions- signs
-hematoma at site of the injury
-pain + tightness
abdominal strains + contusions- care
-ice + compression wrap
-monitor for internal injury
-conservative, exercises kept pain-free
hernia- cause
-protrusion of abdominal viscera through portion of abdominal wall
-intra-abdominal tension
-inguinal more common in men, femoral more common in women
hernia- signs
-discomfort
-superficial protrusion int he groin area
-increased pain with coughing
hernia- care
surgical repair
blow to the solar plexus- cause
-blow to the middle portion of the abdomen causing transitionary paralysis of the diaphragm
-“wind knocked out of you”
blow to the solar plexus- signs
-unable to inhale
-short term symptoms
-panic
blow to the solar plexus- care
-talk in a confident manner to calm the athlete
-have athlete loosen belt or clothing around the abdomen
-deep slow breaths
injury of the spleen- cause
fall or direct blow to the left upper quadrant of the abdomen
injury of the spleen- signs
-history of severe blow to abdomen
-abdominal rigity
-nausea/vomiting
-Kehr’s sign
what is Kehr’s sign + what is it a sign for
pain to the left shoulder
-sign of injury of the spleen
injury of the spleen- care
-conservative non-operative treatment with a week of hospitalization
-can return in as little as 4 weeks IF no symptoms
kidney contusion- cause
external force applied to an athlete’s back
kidney contusion- signs
-shock
-nausea + vomiting
-rigidity of the back muscles
-hematuria (blood in urine)
hematuria
blood in urine
kidney contusion- care
-immediate referral to physician if blood in urine
-24 hours hospital observation
liver contusion- cause
hard blow to the right side of the ribcage
liver contusion- signs
-hemorrhage + shock
-referred pain just below the scapula
liver contusion- care
immediate surgical intervention
gallstones- cause
hard stonelike deposits composed of cholesterol or bile
gallstones- signs
-cramping pain in the abdomen
-radiating pain to the back under the scapula
-nausea + vomiting
gallstones- care
-referred for ultrasound imaging
-surgical removal
appendicitis- cause
-can be chronic or acute
-caused by a variety of factors one being fecal obstruction
-most common in males 15-25
appendicitis- signs
-severe cramps in the lower right abdomen
-nausea
-low grade fever
-abdominal rigidity at McBurney’s point
appendicitis- care
surgical removal of appendix
scrotal/testicular contusion- cause
direct blow
scrotal/testicular contusion- signs
-severe pain due to sensitivity of the area
-hemorrhage
-swelling
scrotal/testicular contusion- care
-rest + ice
-unresolved after 20 min referral to physician
