Remaining Exam 3 Material [CH 20] Flashcards
how many vertebrae in the cervical spine
7
anatomy of cervical spine
atlas + axis
how many vertebrae in the thoracic spine
12
anatomy of thoracic spine
-articulate with the ribs
-long transverse processes
how many vertebrae are in the lumbar spine
5
anatomy of lumbar spine
-major support of the low back
-largest
sacrum
-formed by the fusion of the 5 vertebrae
-body’s weight is transmitted through the sacrum + pelvis
coccyx
-tailbone
-most inferior aspect of the spine
intervertebral discs
-between each vertebrae
-act as shock absorbers for the spine
ligaments of the spine
-anterior longitudinal
-posterior longitudinal
-supraspinous ligament
muscles of the spine (4)
-erector spinae
-quadratus lumborum
-multifidus
-serratus posterior
muscles of erector spinae (3)
-iliocostalis
-longissimus
-spinalis
spinal cord has how many pairs of nerves
31 pairs
preventing injuries to the spine- strength
-neck muscles can resist excessive hyperflexion, hyperextension, or rotational forces
-abdominal strength is essential to ensure proper postural alignment
-muscle imbalances can be a cause of LBP
preventing injuries to the spine- flexibility
neck + trunk should have full ROM
preventing injuries to the spine- use proper technique
-proper technique in tackling to avoid neck injuries
-proper technique in lifting to avoid lumbar injuries
assessment of the spine- history
-do you have any pain in your neck or directly over your spine?
-do you have any numbness or tingling in your neck, arms, or hands?
-are you able to move your ankles + toes?
-were you knocked unconscious?
assessment of the spine- observation
-does posture exhibit signs of kyphosis, lordosis, or scoliosis?
-is the athlete able to move the head + neck freely?
-are the shoulders level + symmetrical?
assessment of the spine- palpation
-progress from proximal to distal
-palpate bony structures (spinous processes, transverse processes, + sacrum)
-palpate musculature
cervical fx- cause
axial loading- normal curvature of the spine flattens out
cervical fx- signs
-neck point tenderness
-restricted movement
-numbness in trunk +/or limbs
cervical fx- care
if a cervical fx is suspected, the athlete shouldn’t be moved except by individuals specifically trained to do so
cervical dislocations- cause
-violent flexion + rotation of the head
-pool diving accidents
cervical dislocations- signs
-similar signs of fx
-unilateral dislocation causes neck to be tilted toward dislocated side
-pain, weakness, + numbness
cervical dislocations- care
great care must be taken due to a high likelihood of injury to the spinal cord
neck strain- cause
-head turned suddenly
-forced flexion, extension, or rotation
neck strain- signs
-localized pain
-restricted motion
-muscle guarding
neck strain- care
-POLICE
-ROM exercises
cervical sprain is also called
whiplash
cervical strain (whiplash)- cause
combination of hyperflexion + hyperextension
cervical strain (whiplash)- signs
-same signs as strain but with longer symptoms
-tenderness over spinous + transverse processes
cervical strain (whiplash)- care
-x-ray to rule out fx
-soft cervical collar may be applied
acute torticollis- cause
-small piece of synovial membrane lining the joint capsule is impinged between the cervical vertebrae
-holding head in unusual position over time
acute torticollis- signs
-palpable point tenderness + muscle spasms
-head movement restricted to the opposite side of irritation
acute torticollis- care
-cold or heat + massage
-gradually engage strengthening + stretching exercises
pinched nerve- cause
-stretching or compression of the brachial plexus
-neck forced laterally to the opposite side
pinched nerve- signs
-burning sensation
-numbness + tingling
-loss of function that can occur for several minutes
pinched nerve- care
-stretching + strengthening once symptoms subside
-cervical neck collar attachment to shoulder pads for repeated injuries
LBP
most common diagnosis for individuals experiencing back pain
LBP- cause
-faulty posture
-trauma to back
LBP- signs
-pain sitting
-pain standing
-tightness
-potentially numbness + tingling
LBP- care
-avoid posture + positions that makes the pain worse
-strengthening of postural musculature
low back muscle strain- cause
-sudden extension with trunk rotation
-chronic strain associated with faulty posture
low back muscle strain- signs
-discomfort
-pain may be diffused or localized
low back muscle strain- care
-POLICE
-gradual program of stretching + strengthening
sciatica- cause
inflammatory condition of the sciatic nerve due to compression or chronic LBP
sciatica- signs
-sharp shooting pain radiating down into the athlete’s leg
-numbness + tingling
sciatica- care
-rest is essential
-anti-inflammatory medication
herniated lumbar disc- cause
-forward bending + twisting
-most common herniation L4-L5
herniated lumbar disc- signs
-centrally located pain that radiates on one side
-symptoms worse in the morning
-straight leg raise increases pain
herniated lumbar disc- care
-POLICE
-MRI to confirm diagnosis
-core stabilization program
spondylolysis + spondylolisthesis- cause
-degeneration of the vertebrae
-defect in the pars interarticularis
-spondylolisthesis is a complication of spondylolysis, often resulting in hypermobility of a vertebral segment
-direct blow or sudden twist
spondylolysis + spondylolisthesis- signs
-aching pain
-back stiffness
-pain after activity, not during
spondylolysis + spondylolisthesis- care
-rest
-bracing
-trunk stabilization exercises
