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ATR2010 > Remaining Exam 1 Material [CH 8 + 9] > Flashcards

Remaining Exam 1 Material [CH 8 + 9] Flashcards

1
Q

9 issues that should be addressed when developing an emergency action plan

A
  1. develop separate emergency action plans for each sports field or court
  2. establish specific policies + procedures for removing equipment, particularly helmets + shoulder pads
  3. make sure phones are readily available
  4. a member of the sports medicine team should be designated to make an emergency phone call
  5. make sure keys to gates or padlocks are easily accessible
  6. assign a member of the sports medicine team to accompany the injured athlete to the hospital
  7. carry contact information for all athletes, coaches, + other personnel at all times, particularly when traveling
  8. in certain situations, staff members may be called upon to provide emergency services to non-athletes including spectators, referees, + coaches
  9. it is recommended a “time out” be routinely included prior to the start of each athletic event
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2
Q

what information should the designated member of the sports medicine team provide during emergency phone call

A

-type of emergency situation
-suspected injury
-present condition of the athlete
-exact location of the emergency

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3
Q

during the recommended “time out” period before the athletic event, what occurs

A

anyone in involved in athletic health care can meet + go over a specific checklist of the venues EAP (emergency action plan)

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4
Q

individuals providing emergency care to an injured athlete must ____ + act ____

A

cooperate, act professionally

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5
Q

what occurs too often

A

medical personnel disagree over exactly how the injured athlete should be handled/transported

ex: EMS + ATs disputing when to transport an athlete suffering from heat stroke

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6
Q

what should be done to keep good relations

A

establish procedures + arrange practice sessions at least once per year

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7
Q

how frequently should practice sessions occur

A

at least once per year

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8
Q

primary survey

A

refers to the assessment of life-threatening problems including ABCSS

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9
Q

ABCSS

A

airway
breathing
circulation
severe bleeding
shock

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10
Q

what injuries take precedence over all other injuries sustained by an athlete

A

life threatening injuries

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11
Q

primary survey- what should be established immediately

A

-body position, level of consciousness, + responsiveness
-CAB (circulation, airway, + breathing)

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12
Q

primary survey- what decides if equipment is removed to expose airway

A

type of sport

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13
Q

primary survey- if the athlete is supine + breathing, what do you do

A

do nothing until consciousness returns

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14
Q

primary survey- if the athlete is prone + not breathing, what do you do

A

log roll them carefully to supine + begin CPR immediately

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15
Q

decision to log roll is determined by what

A

whether you are trained to or not

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16
Q

primary survey- if the athlete is prone + breathing, what do you do

A

monitor closely until they regain consciousness

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17
Q

primary survey- how long should life support be maintained

A

until emergency medical personnel arrive

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18
Q

when should the secondary survey begin

A

once the patient is stabilized

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19
Q

it is essential that a ____ but ____ evaluation is made to determine whether CPR is necessary

A

careful but quick

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20
Q

all individuals in any way associated with a sport program should be certified in what

A

CPR + AED

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21
Q

when should an AED be used

A

immediately after it has been determined the athlete is unresponsive

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22
Q

in 2010 how did American Heart Association change its acronym

A

from ABC to CAB to emphasize the importance of chest compressions in creating circulation

(circulation, airway, + breathing)

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23
Q

3 things to control bleeding

A

-direct pressure
-elevation
-pressure points

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24
Q

control bleeding- direct pressure

A

-pressure applied directly over a would with the hand over a sterile gauze pad is recommended
-additional pads should be placed on top of pads already in place

-do NOT use a towel to stop bleeding because opens door to infection
-should use sterile gauze pad, 1 time use

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25
Q

how do you slow the bleed via femoral artery

A

find area in groin + kneel to put pressure on that area

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26
Q

control bleeding- elevation

A

works against gravity to reduce BP + facilitate venous + lymphatic drainage

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27
Q

control bleeding- pressure points

A

-when other options fail to work, pressure points may be used
-the 2 most commonly used are the brachial + femoral artery

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28
Q

what is the last resort to stop bleeding

A

pressure points

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29
Q

2 most commonly used pressure points

A

brachial artery
femoral artery

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30
Q

hemorrhage

A

loss of blood

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31
Q

internal hemorrhage

A

invisible to the eye making diagnosis difficult
-needs imaging to see

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32
Q
A
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33
Q

signs of internal hemorrhage

A

-abdominal pain
-shortness of breath
-nausea + vomiting

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34
Q

detection of internal bleeding/hemorrhage is only able to be made through what

A

diagnostic testing

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35
Q

what must you do to any athlete suspected to have internal hemorrhage

A

must be taken to hospital immediately

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36
Q

all severe hemorrhaging eventually results in what

A

shock
-therefore, treat athletes as such

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37
Q

shock

A

occurs when a diminished amount of blood is available to the circulatory system, resulting in fewer oxygen carrying blood cells

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38
Q

what is the biggest key thing to detecting shock

A

decreased BP

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39
Q

signs/symptoms of shock

A

-moist, pale, cool, + clammy skin
-weak + rapid pulse
-increased + shallow respiratory rate
-decreased BP

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40
Q

steps to manage shock

A

-dial 911
-maintain body temperature as close to normal as possible
-elevate feet + legs 8-12 inches for most situations, but depends on injury

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41
Q

when managing shock, what is something you can do to help manage body temperature

A

cover athlete with a blanket

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42
Q

why do we elevate legs when managing shock

A

so we can ensure the brain is getting enough blood

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43
Q

2 specific injuries we wouldn’t elevate legs for

A

-brain bleed: this would push more blood out of the brain; the brain is a closed space so the blood wouldn’t leave but would just increase pressure in that area

-leg fractures: we don’t want to move the fractured leg, but you can still move the non-injured leg

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44
Q

if there is no life-threatening injury, what should be conducted

A

secondary survey/assessment

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45
Q

secondary survey- vital signs

A

-heart rate
-breathing rate
-BP
-temperature
-pupils

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46
Q

normal heart rate

A

adults: 60-80 bpm
children: 80-100 bpm

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47
Q

normal breathing rate

A

adults: 12-20 breaths per minute
children: 20-25 breaths per minute

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48
Q

normal BP

A

120/80 mmHg

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49
Q

normal temperature

A

98.6 F

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50
Q

normal pupils

A

should be equal in size

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51
Q

pupils that aren’t equal in size indicate

A

traumatic brain injury

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52
Q

on-field injury inspection FIRST PHASE

A

includes making decisions on the seriousness of the injury + how the injured athlete should be transported if needed

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53
Q

on-field injury inspection SECOND PHASE

A

includes:
-brief history
-visual observation
-initial visual assessment
-palpation of the injury site

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54
Q

after the brief on-field inspection is carried out, what decisions should be made

A

-seriousness of injury
-type of aid/immobilization necessary
-injury requiring immediate referral
-manner of transportation

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55
Q

off-field assessment- history

A

understanding the mechanism on injury, how the injury occurred, a previous history of the injury, + the complains of the athlete are key to diagnosis

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56
Q

off-field assessment- observation

A

should include looking for swelling + edema, deformity, discoloration + tissue temperature changes

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57
Q

off-field assessment- palpation

A

-should include both bones + soft tissues
-must be performed systematically with light pressure away to deeper pressure toward the injury

58
Q

off-field assessment- special tests

A

used to determine ligament stability, impingement signs, muscle imbalance, + body alignment discrepancies

59
Q

MSK

A

musculoskeletal

60
Q

immediate treatment following acute MSK injury

A

acronym POLICE
-protection
-optimal loading
-ice
-compression
-elevation

61
Q

POLICE- P

A

protection
-splint, boot, brace

62
Q

POLICE- OL

A

optimal loading
-early functional activity encouraged

63
Q

POLICE- I

A

ice
-decreases pain
-also helps with inflammation

64
Q

how can ice slow the healing process

A

ice gets rid of inflammation, but sometimes you don’t want to get rid of this because it kickstarts healing

65
Q

POLICE- C

A

compression
-assists in decreasing edema

66
Q

POLICE- E

A

elevation
-eliminates blood pooling in the extremities

67
Q

emergency splinting

A

if an athlete appears to have a fracture, dial 911 + splint the body part before the athlete is moved

68
Q

3 major concepts of emergency splinting

A
  1. splint from 1 joint above the fracture + 1 joint below
  2. splint the injury in the position it is found
  3. always check pulse + motor sensation
69
Q

how would you splint a forearm fracture

A

splint the elbow + wrist

70
Q

how would you splint upper arm fracture

A

we can’t splint the shoulder, but we can immobilize

71
Q

if no pulse after putting splint on…

A

creates risk for amputation
-should have pulse before + after splint

72
Q

rapid form vacuum immobilizers

A

can be molded to the shape of any joint or angulated fracture

73
Q

air splints

A

clear plastic splint that is inflated with air around the affected part

74
Q

splinting lower limb fractures

A

fracture of the ankle/leg require immobilization of the foot + knee

75
Q

splinting upper limb fractures

A

lower arm + wrist fractures should be splinted in forearm flexion + supported by a sling

76
Q

fitting crutches- where should crutch tips (bottom of crutch) be placed

A

-6 inches from outer margins of the shoe
-2 inches in front of the shoe

77
Q

fitting crutches- where should underarm crutch be positioned

A

1 inch below the anterior fold of the axilla (armpit)

-there should be a gap between crutch + armpit so that it doesn’t aggravate armpit

78
Q

fitting crutches- where should hand brace be placed

A

evenly with the athlete’s hand
-elbow flexed to approximately 30 degrees

79
Q

using crutches

A

-athlete stands on 1 foot with the affected foot completely elevated
-place the crutch tips 12-15 inches ahead of the feet
-athlete leans forward, straightens elbows, + swings between the stationary crutches

80
Q

spinal motion restriction (SMR)

A

the most important principle to prevent further harm to the spinal cord

81
Q

2 techniques used for spine injured athlete

A

-head-squeeze
-trap-squeeze

82
Q

head-squeeze

A

cup hands around ears
-better used when ambulance is near

83
Q

trap-squeeze

A

better used when it will take a while for ambulence to arrive

84
Q

most current recommendation for spine injured athlete

A

-MUST HAVE AT LEAST 3 TRAINED PROFESSIONALS
-remove both helmets + shoulder pads prior to transport while continually maintaining cervical spine stabilization

85
Q

when should a rigid cervical spine collar be applied

A

at the earliest + most appropriate time

86
Q

moving + transporting the spine injured athlete

A

-current recommendation is to initially place the patient on a long spine board for extraction from the field or court + then transfer them to a less rigid stretcher for transport

87
Q

moving spine injured athlete- patient is supine

A

6+ person lift should be used

88
Q

moving spine injured athlete- patient is prone

A

they must be log rolled onto back then placed on a spine board or scoop stretcher

89
Q

how many people should be used to lift spine board

A

-TRY to get at least 7
-8 is most ideal
-6 is okay if that is all that is available

-1 person at head, rest on the sides

90
Q

spine board means

A

we are worried they are paralyzed or drastic injury

91
Q

stretcher means

A

less serious spine case

92
Q

stretcher carrying

A

the sports medicine team member at the head of the athlete will direct those assisting to stand + will then command carrying the patient off the field or to an emergency vehicle

93
Q

ambulatory aid

A

support or assistance given to an injured athlete who can walk

-athlete is still walking, just with assistance

94
Q

manual conveyance

A

fully carrying the athlete, multiple people make a chair for athlete

95
Q

bloodborne pathogens

A

pathogenic microorganisms that can potentially cause disease
-may be present in human blood + other bodily fluids including semen, vaginal secretions, + cerebrospinal fluid
-basically anything in your blood

96
Q

3 most significant bloodborne pathogens

A

-HBV (Hepatitis B)
-HCV (Hepatitis C)
-HIV

97
Q

hepatitis

A

basically inflammation of the liver
-viral infection that causes swelling, soreness, + loss of normal function in the liver

98
Q

signs of HBV

A

-similar to flu symptoms
-fatigue
-nausea
-abdominal pain
-headache
-fever

99
Q

is it possible for an individual infected with HBV to exhibit no signs or symptoms + go undetected

A

yes

100
Q

prevention of HBV

A

-good personal hygiene
-avoiding high-risk activities

101
Q

how long can HBV survive in dried blood or on contaminated surfaces

A

at least a week

102
Q

is there a vaccine for HBV

A

yes- it can prevent the contraction of HBV
-any heathcare professional should recieve the immunization

103
Q

what is the most common chronic bloodborne pathogen in the US

A

hepatitis C (HCV)

104
Q

what might HCV require

A

liver transplant

105
Q

signs of HCV

A

-80% have no signs of symptoms
-may have jaundice
-mild abdominal pain

106
Q

how is HCV most commonly spread

A

through sharing of needles
-rarely spread in any other way

107
Q

is there a vaccine available for HCV

A

no

108
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

viral infection that has the potential to destroy the immune system

109
Q

signs/symptoms of HIV

A

-fatigue
-weight loss
-joint/muscle pain
-fever

110
Q

how is HIV spread

A

through exposure to infected blood or through intimate sexual contact

110
Q

how long may HIV take before developing symptoms

A

8-10 years

111
Q

those who test positive for HIV have a high likelihood of developing ____

A

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
-with AIDS, the immune system is crushed + cannot protect you in the same way
-the person becomes extremely vulnerable to developing a variety of illnesses as the immune system can’t protect the body properly

112
Q

what countries have big HIV prevalence

A

-Africa (20.6 million out of the 37.9 million cases in the entire world)
-Southeast Asia

113
Q

is there a vaccine for HIV/AIDS

A

NO

114
Q

how to prevent AIDS

A

safe sex practices

115
Q

policy regulation for bloodborne pathogens in athletics

A

-several institutions including NCAA have established BBP policies to educate athletes

-all healthcare professionals must follow universal precautions including hand washing, using biohazard containers, proper disposal of needles, etc.

116
Q

what does the Americans with Disabilities act state about an athlete with HIV

A

player cannot be discriminated against + may only be excluded based on a medically sound evaluation

117
Q

does the NCAA or CDC recommend mandatory HIV testing for athletes

A

NO- neither do

118
Q

how to prepare an athlete using precautions

A

all open skin wounds should be covered before practice/competitions

119
Q

when bleeding occurs, what should you do as a precaution to BBPs

A

athletes with active bleeding must be removed from participation as soon as possible + returned only when deemed safe

120
Q

personal precautions

A

one-time-use nonlatex gloves should be used in treating the athlete

121
Q

what supplies must sports programs have available

A

-chlorine bleach
-antiseptics
-wound care bandages
-sharps container

122
Q

what color are sharps containers in US

A

red

123
Q

what ratio of bleach:water should disinfectant solutions have

A

1:10
1 part bleach to 10 parts water

124
Q

what are sharps

A

sharp objects such as needles, razor blades, + scalpels

125
Q

abrasions

A

skin is scraped against a rough surface such as grass

126
Q

lacerations

A

irregular + jagged tearing of soft tissue

127
Q

difference between abrasions + lacerations

A

-abrasions are smaller, more like a scrape, + reach the first level of dermis
-lacerations are a cut that is irregular + jagged

128
Q

incisions

A

wounds with smooth edges

129
Q

incisions examples

A

-kitchen knife
-glass

130
Q

puncture

A

direct penetration of tissues by a pointed object

131
Q

avulsion

A

occurs when the skin is torn from the body

132
Q

is tap water better than not cleaning a wound

A

YES

133
Q

immediate care of skin wounds

A

to minimize the chances of infection, the would must be cleaned as THOROUGHLY AS POSSIBLE

134
Q

what should be applied to keep a fresh wound clean

A

sterile dressing

135
Q

if a wound is discharging fluid, what should happen

A

the dressing should be changed often to minimize bacterial growth

136
Q

what is recommended for cleaning wounds repeatedly, followed by what

A

saline solution, followed by antibiotic ointment

137
Q

if the athlete has a wound that appears to be severe, what should happen

A

they should be sent to a physician who will make the decision if sutures are necessary to close the wound

138
Q

how long can the decision for sutures be made

A

golden window is 12 hours, no longer
-after this point there is a decent chance it will get infected anyway so you might as well leave it open at that point

139
Q

signs of wound infection

A

-pain
-heat
-redness
-pus

140
Q

how can most infections be treated

A

with antibiotics

141
Q

how often should one get the tetanus immunization

A

as a child + booster every 10 years

ATR2010 (11 decks)

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