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Relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Clarke and Hatfield study?

A

Florida state uni students were approached by an experimenter and asked for a date, back to apartment or to have sex.
Standardised script.

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2
Q

What did Clarke and Hatfield find?

A

Females: 50% date, 6% apartment, no sex.
Males: 50% date, 69% apartment, 75% sex.

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3
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

Selection of characteristics that increase reproductive success. Can increase over generations of offspring.

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4
Q

What is human reproductive behaviour?

A

Different mating strategies which increase survival chances of our genes.

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5
Q

What is the basis of the evolutionary explanation?

A

Relationships are based on features due to natural selection - increase survival of offspring. Attractiveness is a good indicator of a good partner.

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6
Q

What is paternal certainty?

A

Males don’t have this - make many sperm. Females invest more as can have limited children.

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7
Q

What is inter sexual selection?

A

Between sexes to select a partner.
Clarke and Hatfield but it struggles to explain why contraception is used.

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8
Q

What is intra sexual selection?

A

Within sexes - male competition to maximise chances of successful reproduction.
Waynforth and Dunbar shows competition within genders but status symbols can matter more.

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9
Q

How is natural selection relevant?

A

Favours female behaviours - utilise courtship and makes males invest protection and resources in them + their offspring.

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10
Q

Why is attractiveness important to males?

A

Health and fertility sign. Females want older men as have more resources.
eg. waist to hip ratio and facial symmetry.

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11
Q

What are evaluation points for evolutionary explanations?

A
  • evolution slower than research can show
  • changes in society affect behaviour
  • not explain homosexuality
  • WEIRD bias
  • alpha bias
  • adoption/step kids/no kids
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12
Q

What is self disclosure?

A

Gradual process of revealing -> reciprocity -> trust. Increase connection and understanding.
Very important for closer relationships.

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13
Q

What is social penetration theory?

A

Altman and Taylor - share breadth and depth too soon, incompatible as unsuitable investment level.
1. Appropriateness of disclosure
2. Attributions
3. Gender differences
4. Content

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14
Q

What is evidence for and against self disclosure theory?

A

FOR: too much, too early can be off putting
AGAINST: other factors more important
COMPETING: fits with filter theory - similarity of attitudes.

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15
Q

What are evaluation points for self disclosure?

A
  • artificial studies with strangers
  • TV dating shows
  • cultural limitations
  • hard to determine causality - correlational
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16
Q

What is the halo effect?

A

Cognitive bias - assumes positive traits based on appearance. Superficial. eg. symmetrical face.

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17
Q

What is the matching hypothesis?

A

Attracted to those of similar perceived attractiveness - more secure and less likely to cheat.

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18
Q

What did Walster et al find?

A

Dance ad in freshers week and 752 attended. Each assessed for attractiveness and paired randomly but told based on similarity. Questionnaire at time and 2 days later.
More attractive liked by less. Those who dated after - more likely if similar.

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19
Q

What are evaluation points for Walster et al?

A
  • when repeated and could choose partners, same attractiveness
  • avoid rejection or confidence boost
  • subjective
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20
Q

What goes against the matching hypothesis?

A

Taylor et al - online dating site logs - real life test. Decreased fear of rejection - more attractive partners. Better way to investigate BUT replies often form a similar level of attractiveness.

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21
Q

What did Kerckhoff and Davis find?

A

Longitudinal study of 94 couples. Questionnaire about attitudes, values, complementarity. Again 7 months later.
Initially, attitudes most important but in long term = complimentarity.

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22
Q

What are evaluation points for Kerckhoff and Davis?

A
  • support filter theory
  • LTR reached last stage
  • lack of temporal validity - online dating
  • outside demographic limits
  • how long is a long term relationship?
  • lacks reliability + replicability
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23
Q

What is filter theory?

A

Kerchkoff and Davis - choose partners by using a series of filters to narrow down candidates.
1. social demography
2. similarity of attitudes
3. complementarity of needs (not opposites attract)

24
Q

What is homogamy?

A

Likelihood of relationship with someone culturally/socially similar.

25
Q

Why is filter theory good?

A

It accommodates the matching hypothesis and is more holistic.
Similarity of attitudes more important for short term - increases self disclosure.

26
Q

What is social exchange theory?

A

An economic explanation of relationship maintenance - minimax principle. Outweigh rewards and losses.

27
Q

What are the stages of social exchange theory?

A

Sampling, explore costs/gains
bargaining, agree rewards/costs
commitment, exchange rewards etc.
institutionalisation. norms established

28
Q

What are studies about social exchange theory?

A

Simpson found those who rated partner as less attractive - alternative used to judge maintenance.
Rusbult found costs only calculated after the honeymoon phase.

29
Q

What are evaluation points for social exchange theory?

A
  • ignores equity and bad relationships
  • lacks mundane realism
  • lacks external validity
  • holistic and nomothetic
  • hard to define costs/rewards
  • applies to couples therapy
30
Q

What is equity theory?

A

People not looking for over-befitting - equal rewards for both. Balance of outcomes - ratio.

31
Q

What are evaluation points for equity theory?

A
  • beta bias
  • WEIRD samples
  • not student samples
  • large sample with real couples
  • lacks cross cultural validity
32
Q

What can happen when a relationship is not equitable?

A

If someone perceives inequality, try to restore it (put in less/more, change demand).

33
Q

What are similarities between social exchange and investment theories?

A
  • economic theories
  • simplistic
  • cultural/gender factors
  • alternative relationships
  • ‘keeping score’
  • inherent logistic appeal - practical applications
34
Q

What are the types of investment?

A

Intrinsic - eg. money, emotions, energy, kids. Resources input directly.
Extrinsic - eg. possessions, step kids, memories. Unrelated resources being connected to relationship.

35
Q

What determinants of commitment did Rusbult identify?

A

Satisfaction, alternatives, investments
Commitment level
Stay/leave

36
Q

What are relationship maintenance mechanisms?

A

Depends on commitment levels. eg. accommodation, sacrifice, forgiveness.

37
Q

What is evidence for and against investment theory?

A

FOR: Rusbult and Martz - abuse victims in women’s shelter more likely to return to partner if high investment.
AGAINST: Goodfriend and Agnew - invest including future plans - theory not recognise complexity of investment.
COMPETING: social exchange (more holistic).

38
Q

What are evaluation points for investment theory?

A
  • correlational research
  • limits predictive validity
  • nature
  • less scientific
  • no culture bias
  • oversimplified
    Explains why people stay in a relationship that appears to have few rewards.
39
Q

What are the stages of relationship breakdown?

A
  1. Pre existing doom - incompatible
  2. Mechanical failure - not live together anymore
  3. Sudden death - cheat/big fight.
40
Q

What are predisposing personal factors?

A

Involved in relationship breakdown. eg. bad habits, as well as precipitating factors eg. lack of skills/maintenance.

41
Q

What are the stages of Duck’s phase model?

A
  1. Intrapsychic - privately perceived dissatisfaction
  2. Dyadic - discuss relationship - resource or end
  3. Social - tell friends for advice
  4. Grave dressing - aftermath. Story about ending, favouring storyteller so look good in the future.
42
Q

What did Duck and Rolle find?

A

Breaking up is a process. Introduced resurrection as stage 5 - learnt + how they change with new perspectives.

43
Q

What are evaluation points for Duck’s phase model?

A
  • Reputation damage, infidelity
  • not why they break up
  • heterosexual research
  • social maybe before dyadic
  • cultural bias
  • beta bias
  • ethical research? eg. abuse.
44
Q

How did resurrection become introduced by Duck?

A

Saw it as an incomplete model - adapted to be more holistic.
Overlooks role of each person in breakup.

45
Q

What is a main feature of virtual relationships?

A

Self disclosure is much faster because of anonymity without fear of rejection.

46
Q

What is Walther’s hyper personal model?

A

As self disclosure happens earlier, it is intense, intimate and meaningful. Also can end faster as it is harder to maintain. Can be manipulated by selective self presentation.

47
Q

What is Sproull and Kiesler’s reduced cues theory?

A

CMC lacks non verbal cues like tone of voice, so de-individuation can occur as hidden behaviours are revealed. eg. aggression.

48
Q

What is the absence of gating?

A

Not judging based on appearance, age, etc. Shy people can form relationships easier and attraction does not lower if they meet in person later.
But virtual identities can be established eg. blackmail.

49
Q

What are evaluation points for virtual relationships?

A
  • research support
  • establish + maintain relationships
  • practical applications for therapy re. social skills
  • WEIRD samples
  • cross cultural differences decrease validity
  • low temporal validity
  • alpha bias
50
Q

What is the stranger on a train phenomenon?

A

Rubin: share personal information with strangers because you are likely never to meet again.

51
Q

What is a parasocial relationship?

A

1 sided relationship - with media personalities outside social network.
Without their knowledge + feel they ‘know’ them.

52
Q

What is McCutheon et al’s Celebrity attitude scale?

A
  1. Entertainment social - attracted as can entertain and gossip about
  2. Intense personal - intensive and uncontrollable feelings about them
  3. Borderline pathological - uncontrollable behaviours and fantasies
53
Q

What are evaluation points for the celebrity attitude scale?

A
  • v widely used
  • peak at 11-17 as ‘teacher’ figure when young and ‘friend’ when older
  • gender differences
    boys and sports stars, girls and entertainment stars
54
Q

What is McCutcheon absorption-addiction model?

A

Parasocial = escape from poor sense of identity, lack of fulfilment. When become addictive, behaviour becomes extreme.
Absorption - fulfilment in celeb motivates to identify with them
Addiction - intense involvement to sustain commitment.

55
Q

What are evaluation points for the absorption-addiction model?

A
  • Maltby et al with 3 mixed gender samples of 229 teens total - supports model as positive correlation with celebrity worship and focus on body shape
  • lab
  • social desirability bias
  • every day applications
56
Q

How can attachment theory explain parasocial relationships?

A

Insecure resistant most likely to form - no rejection risk.
Secure = not as much need as good real relationships.

57
Q

What are evaluation points for attachment theory + parasocial relationships?

A
  • Kienlen found 63% of stalkers lost PCG as child but correlational.
  • little predictive strength
  • social desirability
  • cultural bias WEIRD
  • McCutcheon found no difference between insecure and secure re. likelihood of forming PSR.

Psychology (12 decks)

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