EXAM QUESTIONS Flashcards
Discuss at least 2 explanations for defiance of authority.
- legitimacy of authority
- lack of proximity to authority
- think through orders based on morality to resist authority
- high internal locus of control
- based on beliefs or religion - far more likely to defy
- dissenter is present - easier to resist
- read life scenarios not match research
- Milgram - low ecological validity
- ethical issues with Milgram
- social supporters act as role models
- low Authoritarian personality
- diffusion of responsibility, less likely to be in trouble or share punishment
Briefly outline 1 way researchers have investigated the capacity of STM.
Miller had participants recall a sequence of numbers 30 seconds after learning it, finding Miller’s magic number.
Discuss what research has shown about the effects of EWT, referring to the conversation above.
- individual differences as inconsistent findings in the field
- anxiety can increase and decrease accuracy
- Yerkes-Dodson law, up to a certain point, anxiety helps recall then negates certain details
- low ecological validity and contradiction
- car accident could be less dangerous as not weapon involved, and severity affects recall
- practical applications
- Loftus and weapon focus details - reflects real situation
- Yuille and Cutshall did field study on witnesses of shop robbery 6m later - still accurate and higher anxiety. Can improve EWT but harder to control variables
- proximity
- Loftus and Burns - violent crime had worse recall for events before
Outline one example of cultural variation in attachment.
Van Ljzendoorn and Kroonenberg found more variation in attachment types within countries than between. Some areas eg Germany prioritise independence.
Explain how, according to attachment research, Lenny’s early experience might have influenced his later relationships.
Fear of commitment
Mother may have left during critical period - irreversible damage
Bowlby’s maternal deprivation hypothesis and internal working model (develops as a child)
Not adequate template
Fear of intimacy
Outline and evaluation one or more explanations of attachment.
Bowlby’s mono tropic theory with 1 primary caregiver. Evolution, social releasers.
Schaffer and Emerson identified multiple attachments, eg. Geiger father = playmate.
Internal working model - blueprint. Continuity hypothesis
Family roles have changed a lot since Bowlby, so low temporal validity
Criticise critical period - animals
Mother only PAF 50% cases in Schaffer and Emerson.
Animal studies have been done to support Bowlby eg. Lorenz geese imprinted in critical period - humans also have, but up to 3 years.
Conditioning - association in CC
S + E - less that 1/2 had PAF as person who fed them
Cupboard love is too simplistic
Harlow - contact comfort over food
Responsiveness of mother
Discuss self actualisation and/or conditions of worth in explaining human behaviour.
- best version of yourself
- Maslow’s hierarchy of needs must be maintained
- no evidence
- based on free will and is very positive
- not explain negative and self-destructive behaviour
- not consider cognitive processes eg. motivation or role models
- psych issues could be genetics or neurochemical - serotonin
- maintain specific behaviour to be loved
- real world applications in client centred therapy
- constraints in being loved
- oversimplified
Behaviourist as competing theory?
Discuss the role of endogenous pacemakers in the control of one or more biological rhythms.
- internal systems that regulate bio rhythms
- pineal gland release melatonin
- SCN controls pineal gland
- Ralph and hamsters to determine if relevant in controlling circadian rhythms - changed based on SCN in brain
- unethical to conduct on. humans but issues with animal studies
- no endogenous zeitgebers could affect circadian rhythms
- free will/reductionism
- environmental mechanisms
- Siffre cave study - natural was 25 hours without effect of ex z
- biological approach
- ## findings support role of EPs in rhythm control
Explain how the reliability of the controlled observation could be assessed through inter-observer reliability.
Mark behaviour in categories, increasing reliability as identify anomalies. Categories agreed upon and their criteria.
Compare by correlation above 0.8
Describe features of the abstract section in a scientific report.
Summaries everything, findings and basic methods to be known without reading full report. First section of a report.
Discuss research into minority influence.
Moscovici et al - consistent and inconsistent. Agree 8.8% in consistent. More influential
- lab study with low ecological
- only women = beta bias and lacks population validity
- importance of consistency
- high control of variables, increasing internal validity
Nemeth et al - skiing accident and flexibility in compensation.
Systematically process info to be accepted if minority
- strength of argument and effort into cause
Social change eg. women’s rights movement - real world applications
Artificial tasks compared to real struggles
Majorities in real life have power and status too, so harder to influence
Ethics with studies
Briefly outline retrieval failure as an explanation for forgetting.
Underwood’s meta analysis of retroactive interference. Nearly all are lab studies so low ecological validity as not real scenarios.
Most widely accepted explanation
Cue based recall - context with free recall or recognition if cue not strong enough. Godden and Baddeley.
Outline and evaluate research into the effects of misleading information on EWT.
Geiselman et al - enhanced CIT so more accurate recall and prevents false info being spread.
Loftus and Palmer investigated misleading info - film of car crash and speed estimates. Language affects accuracy of recall.
Showed influence of leading info with a word change - Loftus and Zanni about broken headlight a week later.
- low ecological validity as only video
- if real, higher recall maybe bc anxiety higher
- conclusive results and have affected police interviews
Gabbert et al - group discussion after robbery video then questionnaire. Less accurate than recall.
- real world applications as helps police
Memory contamination and conformity - go along with others for social approval even if remember differently
- demand characteristics in lab
- films are less anxiety inducing
- lack of consequences in lab vs real life
- sample bias?
