Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychology > Issues and debates > Flashcards

Issues and debates Flashcards

1
Q

How do men and women differ?

A

Cognitive development, abilities, personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

The assumption 1 ethnic group is superior to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

The idea of context - judge behaviour within its culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is universality?

A

Research applies equally to all, regardless of culture etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is wrong with IQ tests?

A

From the West, they have embedded assumptions about IQ, so some are disadvantaged by them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When does imposed etic occur?

A

When the norm from 1 culture is applied inappropriately to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are consequences of imposing etics?

A

Diagnosing mental illness depends on cultural norms, immigration restriction act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the effect of cross cultural research?

A

Etic research highlights cultural universals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the effect of cultural research?

A

Emic research highlights cultural diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the differences between emic and etic?

A

Emic: select subject matter when research is occurring, apply findings locally, only when familiar with local culture, within certain cultures so identifies behaviours relative to that culture

Etic: decide what to study beforehand, apply findings globally, looks at behaviour outside culture and finds generalisable trends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When can cultural bias occur?

A

If the researcher assumes an emic construct is actually etic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is gender bias?

A

Differential treatment and presentation of males and females in research and theory. Based on stereotypes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is androcentrism?

A

A form of male bias - men’s behaviour is seen as the standard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 main ways gender bias can occur?

A
  1. male sample
  2. male behaviour as standard
  3. biological difference
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is alpha bias?

A

The difference between the genders is exaggerated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is beta bias?

A

The difference between the genders is downplayed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does gender bias divide into?

A

Alpha and beta bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Outline the IQ tests Yerkes used.

A
  • army alpha = written test with 8 parts
  • army beta = pictorial test with 7 parts
  • individual exam - spoken test for failed beta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What did Yerkes find?

A

The average mental age of white US adults is 13

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are evaluation points for Yerkes?

A

It is not an accurate measure as it is affected by education
Standardised
Big sample of young men
Not ethnocentric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is free will?

A

Humans can make conscious choices over thoughts and actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is determinism?

A

Behaviour is due to forces beyond conscious control. Assumes behaviour has a cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the difference between hard and soft determinism?

A

Hard - humans have no free will
Soft - have a degree of free will but behaviour influenced externally

24
Q

What are the 3 types of determinism?

A

Biological, environmental, psychic

25
What is nature also known as?
Nativism
26
What is the main concept of the nature side of the debate?
Human traits are innate and hereditary.
27
What is nurture also known as?
Empiricism
28
What is the main concept of the nurture side of the debate?
What we become is due to experiences, including the environment.
29
What does the interactionist approach say on the nature-nurture debate?
Behaviour is due to genetics and environment. Can give predisposition to characteristics but they are moderated by the environment. So many variables influence behaviour it is impossible to control/measure them all.
30
What is holism?
Behaviour understood by analysing as a whole vs the constituent parts of it.
30
What is reductionism?
Analyse behaviour by breaking it down to its constituent parts
31
Which aspects are holistic?
Cognitive, humanistic, emotional, social, economical, cultural
32
Which approaches are reductionistic?
Biological, cognitive and behaviourist
33
What are the different levels of reductionism, starting at the most reductionist?
Neurochemical Physiological Physical Psychological Social/cultural
34
Which approaches are holistic?
Pyschodynamic and humanistic
35
What are evaluation points for reductionist explanations?
- economical as practical applications - increases testability - ignores complexities - ignores context of behaviours
36
What does idiographic mean?
It describes the nature of individuals. Studied as unique with own subjective experiences and values
37
What does nomothetic mean?
It produces general laws of behaviour - people are regarded as groups
38
What is idiographic associated with?
Producing qualitative data from case studies, self report methods. It aims to gain individual insight.
39
Which approaches are idiographic?
Humanistic, psychodynamic
40
What is nomothetic associated with?
Scientific methods eg. experiments, quantitative data. Study bigger groups for similarities
41
Which approaches are nomothetic?
Behaviourist, cognitive, biological
42
What is the scientific approach to determinism?
Science is very deterministic - causality. Experiments minimise importance of extraneous variables and make generalisations about behaviour, ignoring context.
43
Why does science use reductionist explanations?
Behaviour is studied in simple experiments to establish causality. It can't study all influencing factors simultaneously as it is too complex.
44
Evaluate biological reductionism.
- Scientific as it is tested better - Led to therapies eg. drugs such as SSRIs - Led to errors as ignores complexity of behaviour
45
Evaluate environmental reductionism.
- Behaviourist research is mostly done on animals - Social context is not considered
46
What are evaluation points for holistic explanations?
- Not establish causation as not use operationalised variables in experiments - Unscientific - Try to have complete and realistic understanding of behaviour - context
47
What are ethical implications?
Effects or consequences of research in a wider context. Research must be useful to society. eg. deception, distress, protection from harm.
48
What are examples of ethical implications?
Milgram - deception, distress, against will BUT debriefed and followed up. Bowlby - mothers = PAF and internal working model. Society sees women as belonging at home with children. Guilt for wanting to work.
49
What are examples of alpha bias in research?
Freud - penis envy and femininity is a failed form of masculinity. Girls have weaker superegos. Evolutionary processes explain why men are dominant and more likely to cheat.
50
What are examples of beta bias in research?
Male and female participants are used but there is no attempt to analyse the differences between sexes. Ignore differential treatment. Asch - assumed females behave the same even though society says otherwise.
51
How can gender bias be decreased?
Feminist approach to fix the imbalance. Society changed and women are more educated - changes in theories and research methods.
52
What is an example of gender bias against males?
Depression diagnosis and treatment is more likely for women due to society and unconscious bias.
53
What is social sensitivity?
The implications of research if it occurs for society. Research must be useful in society - can be positive or negative. eg. deception, consent, protection from harm.
54
What are examples of studies that did not account for social sensitivity?
Milgram - deception, distress, distress against will BUT debriefed, follow up and no long term effects. Bowlby - mothers are PAF, so affect the internal working models. So women must be at home - guilt for wanting to work.
55
What are ways researchers can deal with social sensitivity issues?
- Costs and benefits beforehand - outweigh - Wider effects of publication - Misuse of findings - present in a value free way - Avoid biased media presentation of findings - Possible reactions of participants to the procedure and account for ethical issues.

Psychology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions