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Psychology > Issues and debates > Flashcards

Issues and debates Flashcards

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1
Q

How do men and women differ?

A

Cognitive development, abilities, personality

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2
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

The assumption 1 ethnic group is superior to another

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3
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

The idea of context - judge behaviour within its culture

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4
Q

What is universality?

A

Research applies equally to all, regardless of culture etc.

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5
Q

What is wrong with IQ tests?

A

From the West, they have embedded assumptions about IQ, so some are disadvantaged by them

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6
Q

When does imposed etic occur?

A

When the norm from 1 culture is applied inappropriately to another

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7
Q

What are consequences of imposing etics?

A

Diagnosing mental illness depends on cultural norms, immigration restriction act

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8
Q

What is the effect of cross cultural research?

A

Etic research highlights cultural universals

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9
Q

What is the effect of cultural research?

A

Emic research highlights cultural diversity

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10
Q

What are the differences between emic and etic?

A

Emic: select subject matter when research is occurring, apply findings locally, only when familiar with local culture, within certain cultures so identifies behaviours relative to that culture

Etic: decide what to study beforehand, apply findings globally, looks at behaviour outside culture and finds generalisable trends

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11
Q

When can cultural bias occur?

A

If the researcher assumes an emic construct is actually etic

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12
Q

What is gender bias?

A

Differential treatment and presentation of males and females in research and theory. Based on stereotypes.

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13
Q

What is androcentrism?

A

A form of male bias - men’s behaviour is seen as the standard

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14
Q

What are the 3 main ways gender bias can occur?

A
  1. male sample
  2. male behaviour as standard
  3. biological difference
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15
Q

What is alpha bias?

A

The difference between the genders is exaggerated

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16
Q

What is beta bias?

A

The difference between the genders is downplayed

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17
Q

What does gender bias divide into?

A

Alpha and beta bias

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18
Q

Outline the IQ tests Yerkes used.

A
  • army alpha = written test with 8 parts
  • army beta = pictorial test with 7 parts
  • individual exam - spoken test for failed beta
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19
Q

What did Yerkes find?

A

The average mental age of white US adults is 13

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20
Q

What are evaluation points for Yerkes?

A

It is not an accurate measure as it is affected by education
Standardised
Big sample of young men
Not ethnocentric

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21
Q

What is free will?

A

Humans can make conscious choices over thoughts and actions

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22
Q

What is determinism?

A

Behaviour is due to forces beyond conscious control. Assumes behaviour has a cause

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23
Q

What is the difference between hard and soft determinism?

A

Hard - humans have no free will
Soft - have a degree of free will but behaviour influenced externally

24
Q

What are the 3 types of determinism?

A

Biological, environmental, psychic

25
Q

What is nature also known as?

A

Nativism

26
Q

What is the main concept of the nature side of the debate?

A

Human traits are innate and hereditary.

27
Q

What is nurture also known as?

A

Empiricism

28
Q

What is the main concept of the nurture side of the debate?

A

What we become is due to experiences, including the environment.

29
Q

What does the interactionist approach say on the nature-nurture debate?

A

Behaviour is due to genetics and environment. Can give predisposition to characteristics but they are moderated by the environment.
So many variables influence behaviour it is impossible to control/measure them all.

30
Q

What is holism?

A

Behaviour understood by analysing as a whole vs the constituent parts of it.

30
Q

What is reductionism?

A

Analyse behaviour by breaking it down to its constituent parts

31
Q

Which aspects are holistic?

A

Cognitive, humanistic, emotional, social, economical, cultural

32
Q

Which approaches are reductionistic?

A

Biological, cognitive and behaviourist

33
Q

What are the different levels of reductionism, starting at the most reductionist?

A

Neurochemical
Physiological
Physical
Psychological
Social/cultural

34
Q

Which approaches are holistic?

A

Pyschodynamic and humanistic

35
Q

What are evaluation points for reductionist explanations?

A
  • economical as practical applications
  • increases testability
  • ignores complexities
  • ignores context of behaviours
36
Q

What does idiographic mean?

A

It describes the nature of individuals. Studied as unique with own subjective experiences and values

37
Q

What does nomothetic mean?

A

It produces general laws of behaviour - people are regarded as groups

38
Q

What is idiographic associated with?

A

Producing qualitative data from case studies, self report methods. It aims to gain individual insight.

39
Q

Which approaches are idiographic?

A

Humanistic, psychodynamic

40
Q

What is nomothetic associated with?

A

Scientific methods eg. experiments, quantitative data. Study bigger groups for similarities

41
Q

Which approaches are nomothetic?

A

Behaviourist, cognitive, biological

42
Q

What is the scientific approach to determinism?

A

Science is very deterministic - causality. Experiments minimise importance of extraneous variables and make generalisations about behaviour, ignoring context.

43
Q

Why does science use reductionist explanations?

A

Behaviour is studied in simple experiments to establish causality. It can’t study all influencing factors simultaneously as it is too complex.

44
Q

Evaluate biological reductionism.

A
  • Scientific as it is tested better
  • Led to therapies eg. drugs such as SSRIs
  • Led to errors as ignores complexity of behaviour
45
Q

Evaluate environmental reductionism.

A
  • Behaviourist research is mostly done on animals
  • Social context is not considered
46
Q

What are evaluation points for holistic explanations?

A
  • Not establish causation as not use operationalised variables in experiments
  • Unscientific
  • Try to have complete and realistic understanding of behaviour - context
47
Q

What are ethical implications?

A

Effects or consequences of research in a wider context. Research must be useful to society.
eg. deception, distress, protection from harm.

48
Q

What are examples of ethical implications?

A

Milgram - deception, distress, against will BUT debriefed and followed up.

Bowlby - mothers = PAF and internal working model. Society sees women as belonging at home with children. Guilt for wanting to work.

49
Q

What are examples of alpha bias in research?

A

Freud - penis envy and femininity is a failed form of masculinity. Girls have weaker superegos.

Evolutionary processes explain why men are dominant and more likely to cheat.

50
Q

What are examples of beta bias in research?

A

Male and female participants are used but there is no attempt to analyse the differences between sexes. Ignore differential treatment.

Asch - assumed females behave the same even though society says otherwise.

51
Q

How can gender bias be decreased?

A

Feminist approach to fix the imbalance. Society changed and women are more educated - changes in theories and research methods.

52
Q

What is an example of gender bias against males?

A

Depression diagnosis and treatment is more likely for women due to society and unconscious bias.

53
Q

What is social sensitivity?

A

The implications of research if it occurs for society. Research must be useful in society - can be positive or negative.
eg. deception, consent, protection from harm.

54
Q

What are examples of studies that did not account for social sensitivity?

A

Milgram - deception, distress, distress against will BUT debriefed, follow up and no long term effects.
Bowlby - mothers are PAF, so affect the internal working models. So women must be at home - guilt for wanting to work.

55
Q

What are ways researchers can deal with social sensitivity issues?

A
  • Costs and benefits beforehand - outweigh
  • Wider effects of publication
  • Misuse of findings - present in a value free way
  • Avoid biased media presentation of findings
  • Possible reactions of participants to the procedure and account for ethical issues.

Psychology (12 decks)

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