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Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was Wundt?

A

The father of psychology. Published 1st book on psych and opened 1st psych lab in Germany. Tried to be objective and scientific.

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2
Q

What is introspection?

A

Understand mind by examining own conscious thoughts.

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3
Q

How can Wundt’s ideas be studied?

A

Controlled environment but uses non observable responses and was subjective. Not replicate and little awareness of thinking processes.

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4
Q

How did Wundt believe his ideas were scientific?

A

Standardised methods. Cause and effect can be established.
All behaviour seen as being caused.
If is determined, humans can be predicted in different conditions.

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5
Q

What is structuralism?

A

Examine the mind and analyse basic thoughts - after, discover how they interact.

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6
Q

What are the assumptions of the behaviourist approach?

A
  • behaviour learnt
  • animals and humans learn the same
  • only observable = measurable
  • mind is irrelevant
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7
Q

What are evaluation points for the behaviourist approach?

A

Only observable and quantifiable behaviour
Ignores motivation and learning by others.
Genetic influence?
Animal research
Cognitive processes needed to learn are ignored.

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8
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning via association between 2 stimuli.
Pavlov studied salivation in dogs.

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9
Q

What did Pavlov find?

A

Ring bell with food –> bell only = salivation.
Stimulus generalisation and discrimination can occur.

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10
Q

What did Watson and Raynor find?

A

Little Albert - induced rat phobia ion 11 month old. LOUD noise when rat released -> just rat and generalised to other white fluffy things.

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11
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning via reinforcement/punishment of actions.
Skinner’s box - rat pressed lever, reward with food.

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12
Q

What are the different types of reinforcement?

A

Positive - adding thing to increase response
Negative - removing thing to increase response
Punishment - behaviour less likely to occur

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13
Q

What did Bandura do and find in his Bobo dolls study?

A

72 kids, age 3-6 in 3 groups of mixed genders.
Aggressive model - adult hit doll (increased in kids)
Non aggressive - adult played with toys.

Boys were more aggressive

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14
Q

What are evaluation points for Bandura?

A
  • very scientific
  • control group present
  • high control
  • artificial situation
  • short term effects here
  • dolls = designed to hit
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15
Q

What is the difference between behaviourism and SLT?

A

Behaviourism: learner responds passively, performance + learning = same, behaviour constantly changes, mediated by cognitive factors, animals + labs.

SLT: learner has active role, acquisition and performance = different, behaviour can become fixed, reinforcement = indirect, observable behaviour in labs.

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16
Q

What is SLT?

A

We learn by observation and the environment. Considers cognitive processes and focuses on learning in a social context.

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17
Q

What are the different types of observational learning?

A

Imitation - copied + learnt by observation. More likely if same age/gender etc.
Identification - increase chance of imitation if similar to observer or have desired qualities,
Modelling - imitate influential person - teach or influence frequency. (live, verbal, symbolic)

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18
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement seen to be gained by model. Learn via other’s consequences.
More efficient than conditioning.

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19
Q

What are the mediating factors of SLT?

A

Attention
Retention - identifies and remembers
Reproduction - if should imitate
Motivation - reward/punish

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20
Q

How does self efficacy affect learning by observation?

A

If high, more likely to engage in behaviour - capable of executing successfully.
Self regulation = own ideas about good/bad behaviour + acts accordingly.

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21
Q

What are evaluation points of SLT?

A
  • v scientific
  • nature
  • simple principles to explain lots
  • animal research
  • ignores mental processes
  • no innate bias to learning
22
Q

What is the cognitive approach?

A

Study of internal mental processes = behaviour basis.
Stimulus –> response

23
Q

What are the assumptions of the cognitive approach?

A

Thought processes are studied scientifically
Mind works like a computer
Stimulus + response only if thought processes between are acknowledged

24
Q

What is a schema?

A

A collection of beliefs about a person/situation from prior experiences.
Affect behaviour
Unique to everyone and can lead to wrong conclusions/neg. behaviour

25
Q

Why are theoretical models used in the cognitive approach?

A

Scientific enquiry and testing. Show distinct stages so can be tested separately. Improved and tested.

26
Q

What are evaluation points of theoretical models?

A
  • simplified
  • some assumptions disproved
27
Q

What is a computer model?

A

The mind = info processing device. Explains mental processes and makes inferences.
Cognitive neuroscience looks for a bio basis - emerged as tech advanced.

28
Q

What are evaluation points for the cognitive approach?

A
  • info about brain activity + behaviour
  • objective
  • complex behaviour
  • mostly correlational
  • brain v complex
  • lacks external validity (electrodes etc.)
  • no ethical issues
  • useful learning applications
  • mechanistic
  • reductionistic
  • no social factors
29
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the biological approach?

A

Strengths: scientific, psych = respectable, treatment, objective measurements.

Weaknesses: deterministic, reductionist, ignores environment, correlational, small samples

30
Q

What are the assumptions of the biological approach?

A

How biological structures + processes affect actions
May be genetically/environmentally altered
Genes affect behaviour + evolve
Biochem of body affects behaviour
Should study brain, NS etc.

31
Q

How are genes part of the biological approach?

A

In pairs, basis for genetic variation. Genotype and phenotype.

32
Q

When can twin, family and adoption studies be used?

A

To study genetics. Should be 100% concordance of MZ twins.
If same as family = shared genes + env.
If adopt, ‘control’ env. influence as gene behaviour shows.

33
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Select animals for a trait -> offspring. Can show genetic basis. Evidence for biological approach.
- env plays bigger role than genetics - Little Albert.

34
Q

What are biological structures?

A

Structures of the nervous system divisions coordinate organs and respond to env info.
eg. Phineas Gage.
CNS (control physiology) + PNS (survival + env. info)

35
Q

What is neurochemistry?

A

Biochemistry of the CNS.
Neurotransmitters = chemicals that can affect behaviour

36
Q

How is evolution relevant to the biological approach?

A

Develops same as physical characteristics.
1. Natural selection - have advantage, survive and pass on traits. Many generations to occur.
2. Sexual selection - females have limited babies, so specific father.

Examining animals is useful.

37
Q

What are the assumptions of the psychodynamic approach?

A

Unconscious processes determine behaviour
Instincts and drives motivate behaviour
Early childhood experiences determine personality

38
Q

What is the iceberg model?

A

Unconscious thoughts and feelings affect the conscious mind = psychic determinism.
Conscious, preconscious and unconscious (access via dreams and content analysed).

39
Q

What is the tripartite personality?

A

Id, 18 months - unconscious, selfish, hedonistic on pleasure principle.
Superego, 3-6y - conscience, opposes id, morals + social norms.
Ego, 18m-3y - reality principle, manage id and balances superego.

40
Q

What are defence mechanisms?

A

Unconsciously decrease anxiety (weaken ego so ego defence mechanisms)
- repression - force memory out
- denial - refuse to believe as too painful
- displacement - transfer feelings from source –> substitute

41
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the psychodynamic approach?

A

Strengths: unconscious factors in behaviour, importance of childhood experiences, useful therapy applications.

Weaknesses: subjective + bias, unfalsifiable, unscientific, deterministic, hard to evaluate.

42
Q

What are the 5 psychosexual stages?

A
  1. Oral - pleasure in mouth. Fixate: dependent, passive, gullible.
  2. Anal - potty training - expulsive/retentive.
  3. Phallic - depends on gender - attracted to parent and resent same sex.
  4. Latent - v calm time.
  5. Genital - start sexual urges.
43
Q

What was Freud’s case study of little Hans?

A

Phobia of horses.
- fascination with penis (phallic)
- resent father (Oedipus complex)
- Freud said attracted to mother so dad = rival.
Recovered from phobia

44
Q

What are evaluation points for Little Hans?

A
  • immoral by some
  • all info in letters by dad = bias
  • Freud = biased + support own ideas
  • Hans saw horse collapse in street
45
Q

What are the assumptions of the humanistic approach?

A

Everyone has free will - decide actions
Focus on present instead of past - all aspects of person
Everyone is different, so treated as = idiographic
All motivated top fulfil our potential

46
Q

Why is the humanistic approach so different?

A

Says scientific = too objective but humans are subjective - consider experiences.

47
Q

What is self actualisation?

A

Striving to achieve full potential.
An innate drive. When happens = ultimate well-being + satisfaction v strong feeling.

48
Q

What did Maslow contribute?

A

The heirarchy of needs. Work through needs to achieve goal.
Not permanent if all 5 needs not stay in place: physiological, safety, love, esteem and self-actualisation.

49
Q

What is self concept?

A

Rogers - we have 3 selves and they must integrate to self actualise.
1. self concept - like self esteem.
2. ideal self - aiming to being.
3. real self - person you actually are.

He thought self-actualisation is important to be fully functioning.

50
Q

What are the conditions of worth?

A

Requirements, make individual feel they must meet to be loved.
Can be real or perceived.
If unconditional positive regard, increased self esteem.

51
Q

What is Rogers’ client centred therapy?

A

Fells unconditional positive regard - can be v honest -> realise barriers to congruent and work through.
Affected counselling over time.

Psychology (12 decks)

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