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Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Wundt?

A

The father of psychology. Published 1st book on psych and opened 1st psych lab in Germany. Tried to be objective and scientific.

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2
Q

What is introspection?

A

Understand mind by examining own conscious thoughts.

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3
Q

How can Wundt’s ideas be studied?

A

Controlled environment but uses non observable responses and was subjective. Not replicate and little awareness of thinking processes.

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4
Q

How did Wundt believe his ideas were scientific?

A

Standardised methods. Cause and effect can be established.
All behaviour seen as being caused.
If is determined, humans can be predicted in different conditions.

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5
Q

What is structuralism?

A

Examine the mind and analyse basic thoughts - after, discover how they interact.

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6
Q

What are the assumptions of the behaviourist approach?

A
  • behaviour learnt
  • animals and humans learn the same
  • only observable = measurable
  • mind is irrelevant
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7
Q

What are evaluation points for the behaviourist approach?

A

Only observable and quantifiable behaviour
Ignores motivation and learning by others.
Genetic influence?
Animal research
Cognitive processes needed to learn are ignored.

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8
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning via association between 2 stimuli.
Pavlov studied salivation in dogs.

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9
Q

What did Pavlov find?

A

Ring bell with food –> bell only = salivation.
Stimulus generalisation and discrimination can occur.

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10
Q

What did Watson and Raynor find?

A

Little Albert - induced rat phobia ion 11 month old. LOUD noise when rat released -> just rat and generalised to other white fluffy things.

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11
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning via reinforcement/punishment of actions.
Skinner’s box - rat pressed lever, reward with food.

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12
Q

What are the different types of reinforcement?

A

Positive - adding thing to increase response
Negative - removing thing to increase response
Punishment - behaviour less likely to occur

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13
Q

What did Bandura do and find in his Bobo dolls study?

A

72 kids, age 3-6 in 3 groups of mixed genders.
Aggressive model - adult hit doll (increased in kids)
Non aggressive - adult played with toys.

Boys were more aggressive

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14
Q

What are evaluation points for Bandura?

A
  • very scientific
  • control group present
  • high control
  • artificial situation
  • short term effects here
  • dolls = designed to hit
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15
Q

What is the difference between behaviourism and SLT?

A

Behaviourism: learner responds passively, performance + learning = same, behaviour constantly changes, mediated by cognitive factors, animals + labs.

SLT: learner has active role, acquisition and performance = different, behaviour can become fixed, reinforcement = indirect, observable behaviour in labs.

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16
Q

What is SLT?

A

We learn by observation and the environment. Considers cognitive processes and focuses on learning in a social context.

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17
Q

What are the different types of observational learning?

A

Imitation - copied + learnt by observation. More likely if same age/gender etc.
Identification - increase chance of imitation if similar to observer or have desired qualities,
Modelling - imitate influential person - teach or influence frequency. (live, verbal, symbolic)

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18
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement seen to be gained by model. Learn via other’s consequences.
More efficient than conditioning.

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19
Q

What are the mediating factors of SLT?

A

Attention
Retention - identifies and remembers
Reproduction - if should imitate
Motivation - reward/punish

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20
Q

How does self efficacy affect learning by observation?

A

If high, more likely to engage in behaviour - capable of executing successfully.
Self regulation = own ideas about good/bad behaviour + acts accordingly.

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21
Q

What are evaluation points of SLT?

A
  • v scientific
  • nature
  • simple principles to explain lots
  • animal research
  • ignores mental processes
  • no innate bias to learning
22
Q

What is the cognitive approach?

A

Study of internal mental processes = behaviour basis.
Stimulus –> response

23
Q

What are the assumptions of the cognitive approach?

A

Thought processes are studied scientifically
Mind works like a computer
Stimulus + response only if thought processes between are acknowledged

24
Q

What is a schema?

A

A collection of beliefs about a person/situation from prior experiences.
Affect behaviour
Unique to everyone and can lead to wrong conclusions/neg. behaviour

25
Why are theoretical models used in the cognitive approach?
Scientific enquiry and testing. Show distinct stages so can be tested separately. Improved and tested.
26
What are evaluation points of theoretical models?
- simplified - some assumptions disproved
27
What is a computer model?
The mind = info processing device. Explains mental processes and makes inferences. Cognitive neuroscience looks for a bio basis - emerged as tech advanced.
28
What are evaluation points for the cognitive approach?
- info about brain activity + behaviour - objective - complex behaviour - mostly correlational - brain v complex - lacks external validity (electrodes etc.) - no ethical issues - useful learning applications - mechanistic - reductionistic - no social factors
29
What are the strengths and weaknesses of the biological approach?
Strengths: scientific, psych = respectable, treatment, objective measurements. Weaknesses: deterministic, reductionist, ignores environment, correlational, small samples
30
What are the assumptions of the biological approach?
How biological structures + processes affect actions May be genetically/environmentally altered Genes affect behaviour + evolve Biochem of body affects behaviour Should study brain, NS etc.
31
How are genes part of the biological approach?
In pairs, basis for genetic variation. Genotype and phenotype.
32
When can twin, family and adoption studies be used?
To study genetics. Should be 100% concordance of MZ twins. If same as family = shared genes + env. If adopt, 'control' env. influence as gene behaviour shows.
33
What is selective breeding?
Select animals for a trait -> offspring. Can show genetic basis. Evidence for biological approach. - env plays bigger role than genetics - Little Albert.
34
What are biological structures?
Structures of the nervous system divisions coordinate organs and respond to env info. eg. Phineas Gage. CNS (control physiology) + PNS (survival + env. info)
35
What is neurochemistry?
Biochemistry of the CNS. Neurotransmitters = chemicals that can affect behaviour
36
How is evolution relevant to the biological approach?
Develops same as physical characteristics. 1. Natural selection - have advantage, survive and pass on traits. Many generations to occur. 2. Sexual selection - females have limited babies, so specific father. Examining animals is useful.
37
What are the assumptions of the psychodynamic approach?
Unconscious processes determine behaviour Instincts and drives motivate behaviour Early childhood experiences determine personality
38
What is the iceberg model?
Unconscious thoughts and feelings affect the conscious mind = psychic determinism. Conscious, preconscious and unconscious (access via dreams and content analysed).
39
What is the tripartite personality?
Id, 18 months - unconscious, selfish, hedonistic on pleasure principle. Superego, 3-6y - conscience, opposes id, morals + social norms. Ego, 18m-3y - reality principle, manage id and balances superego.
40
What are defence mechanisms?
Unconsciously decrease anxiety (weaken ego so ego defence mechanisms) - repression - force memory out - denial - refuse to believe as too painful - displacement - transfer feelings from source --> substitute
41
What are the strengths and weaknesses of the psychodynamic approach?
Strengths: unconscious factors in behaviour, importance of childhood experiences, useful therapy applications. Weaknesses: subjective + bias, unfalsifiable, unscientific, deterministic, hard to evaluate.
42
What are the 5 psychosexual stages?
1. Oral - pleasure in mouth. Fixate: dependent, passive, gullible. 2. Anal - potty training - expulsive/retentive. 3. Phallic - depends on gender - attracted to parent and resent same sex. 4. Latent - v calm time. 5. Genital - start sexual urges.
43
What was Freud's case study of little Hans?
Phobia of horses. - fascination with penis (phallic) - resent father (Oedipus complex) - Freud said attracted to mother so dad = rival. Recovered from phobia
44
What are evaluation points for Little Hans?
- immoral by some - all info in letters by dad = bias - Freud = biased + support own ideas - Hans saw horse collapse in street
45
What are the assumptions of the humanistic approach?
Everyone has free will - decide actions Focus on present instead of past - all aspects of person Everyone is different, so treated as = idiographic All motivated top fulfil our potential
46
Why is the humanistic approach so different?
Says scientific = too objective but humans are subjective - consider experiences.
47
What is self actualisation?
Striving to achieve full potential. An innate drive. When happens = ultimate well-being + satisfaction v strong feeling.
48
What did Maslow contribute?
The heirarchy of needs. Work through needs to achieve goal. Not permanent if all 5 needs not stay in place: physiological, safety, love, esteem and self-actualisation.
49
What is self concept?
Rogers - we have 3 selves and they must integrate to self actualise. 1. self concept - like self esteem. 2. ideal self - aiming to being. 3. real self - person you actually are. He thought self-actualisation is important to be fully functioning.
50
What are the conditions of worth?
Requirements, make individual feel they must meet to be loved. Can be real or perceived. If unconditional positive regard, increased self esteem.
51
What is Rogers' client centred therapy?
Fells unconditional positive regard - can be v honest -> realise barriers to congruent and work through. Affected counselling over time.

Psychology (12 decks)

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