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Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the DSM?

A

The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders.

Used to classify disorders to aid with diagnosis - descriptive.

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2
Q

What are the definitions of abnormality?

A

Deviation from social norms, statistical infrequency, failure to function adequately, deviation from ideal mental health.

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3
Q

What is deviation from social norms?

A

Labels people as social deviants but allows it to function smoothly.

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4
Q

What are evaluative points about deviation from social norms?

A
  • Vary across cultures, situations, ages. genders
  • Subjective
  • Situationally specific
  • How change occurs - rights of women eg. voting
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5
Q

What is statistical infrequency?

A

Statistically rare behaviour that does not occur often. A normal distribution curve is drawn.

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6
Q

What are evaluative points about statistical infrequency?

A
  • Real life application
  • Not take into account desirability of behaviour
  • Objective but no clear cut off point
  • Unbiased - real data used
  • Cross-cultural comparison but differences present
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7
Q

What is failure to function adequately?

A

Cannot cope with everyday life. Focuses on individual suffering as when behaviour is abnormal it causes distress - behaves in maladaptive way.

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8
Q

What are evaluative points about failure to function adequately?

A
  • Observable
  • Subjective
  • Depends on society norms
  • Observer discomfort
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9
Q

What is deviation from ideal mental health?

A

Jahoda’s 6 characteristics:
positive self attitude
self actualisation
adaptation to the environment
accurate perception of reality
personal autonomy
stress resistance

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10
Q

What are evaluative points about deviation from ideal mental health?

A
  • Comprehensive
  • Positive approach on what is desirable
  • Over demanding criteria
  • Subjective
  • Cultural deviation
  • High standards may be met by eg. serial killer.
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11
Q

What are the 2 types of depression?

A

Unipolar/major - cyclical clinical symptoms
Bipolar/manic - less common, also has cycles of high energy, irritable, irrational thoughts

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12
Q

What are symptoms of depression?

A

Behavioural: energy loss, weight changes, insomnia
Emotional: anhedonia (loss of pleasure in normal activities)
Cognitive: less concentration, poor memory

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13
Q

Is depression is mood or anxiety disorder?

A

Mood

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14
Q

Is OCD is mood or anxiety disorder?

A

Anxiety

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15
Q

Are phobias mood or anxiety disorders?

A

Anxiety

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16
Q

What are the components of OCD?

A

Obsessions: persistent thought repeatedly, leading to anxiety
Compulsions: repetitive behaviour driven to perform to decrease anxiety.

17
Q

What are symptoms of OCD?

A

Behavioural: affect everyday tasks, repetitive, socially
Emotional: high anxiety, distress, depression, guilt
Cognitive: obsessive thoughts with rituals, uncontrollable urges

18
Q

What are different types of OCD?

A

Contamination, checking, symmetry, hoarding.

19
Q

How long do symptoms last for OCD to be diagnosed?

A

1 hour a day and affect everyday life.

20
Q

How long do symptoms last for phobias to be diagnosed?

A

6+ months, significant prolonged fear.

21
Q

What is a phobia?

A

An extreme, irrational fear of an object or situation.

22
Q

What are the symptoms of phobias?

A

Behavioural: anxiety, avoidance, changing behaviour
Emotional: excessive fear, anxiety
Cognitive: irrational beliefs about stimulus, affects concentration

23
Q

What are sub types of phobias?

A

Specific (animal, natural environment, blood, situational, other)
Social
Agoraphobia

24
Q

What is the cognitive approach to treating depression?

A

Behaviours controlled by thoughts and beliefs - faulty cognitions cause depression. Maladaptive cognitions.

25
Q

What is Beck’s negative triad?

A

Automatic thoughts are linked to depression - negative schema dominate thinking. About themselves, the world and the future.

26
Q

What is Ellis’ ABC model?

A

A = activating event
B = belief
C = consequence
Blame events for unhappiness.

27
Q

What are evaluation points for treating depression?

A
  • Role of thoughts and beliefs
  • cognitive therapies are successful
  • consequence of depression, not cause
  • feels like they are to blame for their issues
28
Q

What is CBT?

A

It identifies and changes faulty cognition - notice negative thoughts and tests accuracy. Reframing.

Works best with antidepressants but decreases chance of relapse.

29
Q

What is the behavioural approach to phobias?

A

Phobias are learnt by association.
CC - phobia created when natural fear is associated with the stimulus.
OC - maintaining phobias with negative reinforcement.

30
Q

What is Mowrer’s 2 process model?

A
  1. Onset of phobia by CC
  2. Maintain phobia by OC
    Phobias are resistant to extinction because constant reinforcing avoidance responses made. (maladaptive)
31
Q

What is systematic desensitisation?

A

Based on CC - replace fear with calm as it is impossible to feel both at once. Relaxation techniques and progress though a hierarchy of fears.

32
Q

What is flooding?

A

Immediate full exposure - anxiety peaks but cannot be maintained.

33
Q

What are evaluation points for treatments of phobias?

A
  • good for specific phobias
  • works very fast
  • ethical issues
  • only treats symptoms
34
Q

What is the biological approach to OCD?

A

There are physical causes:
Genetics - inherited with twin studies. Hard to separate environment and genetics. Combo of genes cause OCD and there is not 100% concordance.
Neural - PET scans show low serotonin and SSRIs can aid symptoms. High activity in frontal cortex or abnormality in basal ganglia.

35
Q

What are biological treatments for OCD?

A

Antidepressants increase serotonin and antipsychotics are also useful.
Psychosurgery disrupts a circuit using radio waves to block out irrelevant thoughts/obsessions.

36
Q

How can CBT be used for OCD?

A

It focuses on changing obsessive thinking, as intrusive thoughts are shown to be normal. Assess chance of risks occurring.
Works best with drugs.

37
Q

What are evaluation points for treatments of OCD?

A
  • SSRIs help
  • some have no improvement
  • side effects of drugs
  • some not have skills for CBT
  • drugs are lengthy compared to CBT

Psychology (12 decks)

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