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Behavioural Intervention > Reinforcement, Extinction and Punishment > Flashcards

Reinforcement, Extinction and Punishment Flashcards

1
Q

How does negative reinforcement strengthen behaviour

A

Wanting to avoid undesirable outcome

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2
Q

Why are reinforcements not the same as rewards?

A

Rewards doesn’t necessarily change behaviour

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3
Q

What are primary reinforcers?

A

Reinforcers not dependent on association with other reinforcers

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4
Q

What are secondary reinforcers

A

Reinforcers that are dependent on association with other reinforcers (e.g money)

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5
Q

What are contrived reinforcers

A

Arranged by someone to change behaviour

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6
Q

What are natural reinforcers?

A

Not purposely arranged by someone to change behaviour

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7
Q

How did Allen et al demonstrate reinforcement with Ann? What was the design and reinforcer?

A

Design; ABAB
Reinforcer; Attention (initially) and then toy
Given attention by adults if she interacted with other children

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8
Q

What are the four steps to reinforcement?

A

Define - target behaviour
Select - appropriate reinforcers
Make - reinforcers immediate and certain (high likelihood of it happening)
Monitor - the results

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9
Q

Which type of reinforcer is better and why?

A

Primary and natural, longer lasting effects.

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10
Q

What happens if reinforcer is not immediate?

A

Allows other behaviours to occur

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11
Q

What should you make sure the reinforcer is, in relation to the target behaviour

A

Contingent on the target behaviour and ONLY the target behaviour

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12
Q

What is bootleg reinforcement?

A

Reinforcements coming from someone else other than you

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13
Q

What is behavioural contrast?

A

Behaviour doesn’t transfer to other contexts

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14
Q

What are the problems with reinforcement?

A

Bootleg reinforcement, behavioural contrast, inappropriate use, reliance on reinforcement

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15
Q

What does extinction prevent?

A

The consequences of a behaviour that maintain it

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16
Q

How was extinction used by France and Hudson for waking children? what was the design?

A

Multiple baseline design
Told families to not enter room when child wakes at night
wake up times reduced to 0

17
Q

What is the issue with the use of extinction in reducing children waking up at night in France and Hudson’s study?

A

Could affect their attachment style - teaching parent will ignore them if crying out

18
Q

What are the 4 steps for extinction?

A

Define - the target behavour
Identify - the reinforcers that maintain the behaviour
Withhold - all reinforcement from target behaviour
Monitor - the results

19
Q

What are the difficulties with extinction

A

Difficult to gage reinforcers; need to observe and figure out
Difficult to control; multiple reinforcers, occasional reinforcers, natural reinforcers, need to withhold it everytime without fail
Slow; which can make people give up and can be damaging for the person
Extinction bursts; sudden increase in behaviour but followed by decrease
Sudden recovery; target behaviour reappears

20
Q

what is differential reinforcement

A

The combination of extinction and reinforcement to change freq. of behaviour

21
Q

What are the 3 types of differential reinforcement

A

Differential Reinforcement of Low Rate (DRL), Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Rate (DRA), Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible behaviour (DRI)

22
Q

What is Differential Reinforcement of Low Rate (DRL)

A

Dealing with problem behaviour where it occurs too often so provide reinforcement where behaviour occurs less often

23
Q

What is Differential Reinforcement of Alternate behaviour (DRA)

A

Taking the reinforcement from an undesirable behaviour (extinction) and using that same reinforcer on the desirable behaviour.

24
Q

What is Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible behaviour (DRI)

A

Similar to DRA but used on behaviour that is incompatible with the target behaviour (e.g reinforcing not screaming because you cannot scream and not scream at the same time)

25
Q

How did Rekers and Lovaas use DR on gender role behaviour in a 5 year old?

A

Parent ignored child when engaging in feminine behaviour and gave attention when engaging in masculine behaviour

26
Q

What are the 4 stages of DR?

A

Define - The target behaviour
Extinguish - the undesirable behaviour
Reinforce - the desirable behaviour
Monitor - the results

27
Q

What makes something not a punisher?

A

If it doesn’t REDUCE the rate of behaviour

28
Q

What are 5 examples of punishments? list them from low to high severity

A

Reprimanding, time out, response cost, overcorrection, physical punishment

29
Q

What can happen if you start out with too low of a punishment?

A

They person will get used to it

30
Q

What is reprimanding?

A

Expressing disapproval. Can include corrective feedback. Most frequent form

31
Q

What is the issue of reprimanding?

A

Can serve as attention so could be a reinforcer

32
Q

What is response cost

A

Price to pay for behaviour

33
Q

What is time out?

A

‘Time out from positive reinforcement’ - removing the person from the situation of reinforcement of target behaviour

34
Q

What are the two parts of overcorrection

A

Part 1: Restitution for damage done
Part 2: Repeating correct behaviour a certain number of times

35
Q

How has punishment been controversially used by Dorsey et al?

A

Water spray to the face of someone with profound intellectual disabilities for self-injurious behaviours. Also combined with the word ‘no’

36
Q

What are the 4 steps for punishment

A

Define: The target behaviour
Select: the appropriate punishment
Make: Punishment immediate and certain
Use: Extinction and Differential reinforcement
Monitor: the results

37
Q

Why shouldn’t you use just punishment?

A

Just teaches what not to do instead of alternative behaviours

38
Q

What are the issues with punishment

A

Inappropriate use and negative side effects

39
Q

What could be negative side effects of punishment

A

Fear, anger, anxiety.
Aggression causes punisher to stop = aggression is reinforcing = Punished uses punishment inappropriately later in life

Behavioural Intervention (11 decks)

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