Measuring behaviour

Question 1

What are the two ways behaviour can be recorded

Answer 1

Continuous and interval recording

Question 2

What is continuous recording

Answer 2

Recording each and every occurrence of a behaviour within a given time period

Question 3

What is interval recording

Answer 3

recording whether a behaviour occurs during each a series of intervals within a given time period

Question 4

What two ways can you obtain information on when the behaviour occurs

Answer 4

Informally = Ask them how often they do behaviour
Formally = observe them

Question 5

What is the problem with informal recording of behaviour

Answer 5

Unreliable = desirability bias

Question 6

What is the issue with continuous recording

Answer 6

You’re looking at a behaviour in a particular context so not necessary to do it all the time
Resource/money
Ptp may not feel comfortable with it

Question 7

How can you check the reliability of your recorded data?

Answer 7

Inter-observer reliability; A measure of the degree of agreement in data tallies made by two or more observers

Question 8

What is the threshold for reliability in inter-observer reliability

Answer 8

Above 80, ideally 90

Question 9

How can you improve the chance of reliability

Answer 9

Make a very precisely defined target behaviour

Question 10

What two ways can you graph behaviour rates

Answer 10

Simple frequency and Cumulative frequency

Question 11

What is a single case experimental design

Answer 11

when the behaviour of an individual is compared in experimental and control conditions

Question 12

What is the baseline

Answer 12

A period in which the behaviour under study is being recorded but with no attempt to modify it yet

Question 13

What is ABAB reversal design

Answer 13

single case design where baseline and intervention are repeated with the same person

Question 14

Multiple baseline design

Answer 14

A single case design where the effects of an intervention are recorded across different situations, individuals and behaviours

Question 15

What is alternating treatment design

Answer 15

a single case design where two or more interventions alternate systematically

Question 16

How should the recorded data be graphed in terms of x and y axis

Answer 16

X axis = Time
Y axis = outcome

Question 17

What is the minimum number of timepoints for baseline

Answer 17

3

Question 18

In Dadarrio et al’s study, how did a teacher reduce disruptive behaviour

Answer 18

They would take out an M&M from a bowl of M&Ms that gets shared with the class at the end of the day

Question 19

What are the limitations to Dadarrio’s M&M study

Answer 19

• Not very long baseline
• Teacher’s behavioural change may have caused the reduction
• Could backfire if a student enjoys this punishment
• External confounds not considered

Question 20

How can we overcome confounds not considered in the A-B design

Answer 20

An A-B-A-B design which runs the experiment twice

Question 21

How does the A-B-A-B show if there is an effect of confounds

Answer 21

Would see a drop to baseline in the second baseline recording if there is not effect of confounds

Question 22

What is the issue with ABAB design? What design overcomes this

Answer 22

Doesn’t work with serious behaviours as you don’t ethically want them going back to baseline - Multiple Baseline Design

Question 23

How did Groden and Cautela implement a multiple baseline design

Answer 23

Wanted to see if covert reinforcement could improve verbal initiations and worked with 3 individuals with mild autism

Question 24

How do you implement a multiple baseline design

Answer 24

Set up multiple basslines in different settings/ behaviours/subjects
Once one is stable in one place then implement intervention then repeat for other basslines

Question 25

How did Hua et al implement a alternating treatment design

Answer 25

Looked at effect of two reading interventions; paraphrasing and vocab
Recorded amount of detail recalled from a piece of reading

Question 26

What is the issue with Hua et al’s study

Answer 26

Order effects
Bleed effects - start using the strategies from the other intervention

Question 27

What are some nuances to Single Case Experimental Designs

Answer 27

• Can just be observational with no intervention phase (correlational)
• Multiple designs can be combined (e.g ABAB with multiple baseline)
• ABAB can have washout/bleed effects
• In alt int design the treatments must be balanced
• Changing Criterion Design

Question 28

What is a Changing Criterion Design?

Answer 28

Begins with baseline then intervention is introduced with a set criterion. When this is reached they change or increase it

Question 29

What types of variables can be measured with modern technology

Answer 29

sleep, steps, heart rate, distance covered, time spent on social media, minutes of lecture attended

Question 30

What are the 5 types of data

Answer 30

Behaviour, Physiological, Experience, Passive and Active

Question 31

What is active experience data

Answer 31

Self-reported by participants in such as mood, pain ratings, stress ratings
Can be diaries, event sampling or experience sampling

Question 32

What is active data

Answer 32

The participant is involved in providing measurements such as self-report measures or voluntary action such as saliva sample

Question 33

What is passive data

Answer 33

Data collected without direct involvement of the participant

Question 34

Give examples of experience data

Answer 34

Mood, pain, fatigue, cognitions, perceptions and appraisals

Question 35

What is behaviour data

Answer 35

Actions observable by others such as drinking, smoking, exercise, talking, eating, interactions and location

Question 36

What is physiology

Answer 36

The interal workings of the body and brain such as heart rate, temp, breathing, blood pressure and hormone levels