Prosocial

Question 1

What are the 3 roots to prosocial?

Answer 1

Ostrom’s Core Design Principles (CDP) - Improve the efficacy of groups
Evolution and Multi-Level Selection (MLS) - Unifying theoretical framework from evolutionary theory
Contextual Behavioural Science (CBS)

Question 2

What does CDP help to do?

Answer 2

Improve efficacy of groups

Question 3

What is MLS?

Answer 3

A unifying framework provided by evolutionary theory

Question 4

What does CBS do?

Answer 4

Helps individuals and groups move toward valued goals

Question 5

What kind of approach is prosocial?

Answer 5

Value-focused

Question 6

What do values do?

Answer 6

Give the individual a direction to go in. Gives life meaning

Question 7

What has a meaningful connection to social context been considered as?

Answer 7

Central feature to individual well being
one of the 6 core features of positive psychological well-being

Question 8

What have our facial features adapted to do?

Answer 8

Give joint attention through the whites of our eyes

Question 9

What is being alone considered as? What have we evolved to do?

Answer 9

An emergency situation
Yearn for meaningful connection and sense of belonging

Question 10

What are the four main inheritance streams?

Answer 10

Genetic, epigenetic, learning, cultural/symbolic

Question 11

What do the four inheritance streams do? What takes place within them?

Answer 11

Interact with one another and evolution takes place within and across them

Question 12

What is genetic inheritance?

Answer 12

Mutations and changes in DNA (Mutation) that support reproduction and survival (selection) are passed onto offspring (retention)

Question 13

What is epigenetic inheritance?

Answer 13

Epigenetic modifications - expression of different parts of our genes
They get passed down through generations so things that happen during their lifespan can get inherited to offspring

Question 14

What was skinner the first to in regard to inheritance?

Answer 14

First to understand natural selection was operating across different interacting inheritance streams

Question 15

What is learning and behavioural inheritance?

Answer 15

Operant learning when behaviour variants are reinforced by the consequences they produce

Question 16

What is cultural/symbolic inheritance?

Answer 16

One individual copying the behaviour of another. Transgenerational when offspring involved

Question 17

What is extended evolutionary synthesis?

Answer 17

Adaptive change across multiple inheritance streams

Question 18

What does EES argue?

Answer 18

The behaviour of an organism can shape the environment and ultimately shape itself = evolutionary change is not fully random but co-directed by the organism itself

Question 19

Give an example that explains that behaviour leads to mutation

Answer 19

Human migration north lead to change of eye colour and skin colour

Question 20

Why did cooperation occur? What is this called?

Answer 20

Although not beneficial between individuals, cooperation was beneficial when competing against other groups/tribes

Multilevel selection theory

Question 21

How did William Muir demonstrate Multilevel Selection Theory?

Answer 21

Separated most productive hens from least productive hens to reproduce and make more productive offspring
Resulted in more aggressive hens and decreased egg production due to bullying each other for food creating aggressive traits

Parallel study looked at productivity at group level and bred them based on this - produced cooperative hens and productivity went up

Question 22

What is the relationship between selfishness and altruism within and between groups?

Answer 22

Selfishness beats altruism within groups
Altruism beats selfishness between groups

Question 23

What are the 8 core design principles for cooperation?

Answer 23

1. Shared purpose and identity
2. Equal distribution of contribution and benefits
3. Fair and inclusive decision making
4. Monitoring behaviour
5. Graduated responding to helpful and unhelpful behaviour
6. Fast and fair conflict resolution
7. Authority to self-govern
8. Collaborative relations with other groups

Question 24

What questions equate to the 8 core design principles?

Answer 24

Who are we?
What do we do?
What are we going to be with each other?
How will we notice and respond to each other
How will we be with the system around us and other teams?