Regulation of the Immune Response Flashcards
T cell tolerance is accomplished through ___________ and ____________ tolerance
T cell tolerance is accomplished through Central and Peripheral tolerance
B cells are generally regulated by ___________ mechanisms and by the basence of T cel help.
B cells are generally regulated by peripheral tolerance mechanisms and by the basence of T cel help.
Very high and very low concentrations of antigens may cause ___________.
Very high and very low concentrations of antigens may cause tolerance.
Antibodies regulate antibody production through ______________ mechanism.
Antibodies regulate antibody production through **negative feedback **mechanism.
Treg cells secrete cytokines _______ and _________.
Treg cells secrete cytokines IL-10 and TGF-beta.
Th17 cells regulate inflammation by secreting cytokine _________.
Th17 cells regulate inflammation by secreting cytokine IL-17.
The immune system and the ________ are interconnected and influence each other.
The immune system and the CNS are interconnected and influence each other.
Regulation of immunity is focused on _________ immunity.
Regulation of immunity is focused on adaptive immunity.
___________ Immume Response can lead to:
Hypersensitivity I
Autoimmunity
Amyloidosis
Lymphoid tissues
Excessive Immume Response can lead to:
Hypersensitivity I
Autoimmunity
Amyloidosis
Lymphoid tissues
_____________ immune response can lead to increased infection and cancer cells.
Decreased/Absent immune response can lead to increased infection and cancer cells.
__________ 2/3 of possible gene arrangements are out of frame leading to apoptosis. Creates non functional TCR.
Negative Selection 2/3 of possible gene arrangements are out of frame leading to apoptosis. Creates non functional TCR.
____________ ensures that the cells that recognize self-MHC molecules survive.
Positive selection ensures that the cells that recognize self-MHC molecules survive.
__________ and ______________ acting together ensures that cells can bind self MHC molecules are selectd and those that bind MHC with low or high affinity are deleted.
Positive and Negative selection acting together ensures that cells can bind self MHC molecules are selectd and those that bind MHC with low or high affinity are deleted.
___________ is described when a cell has no immune response to a specific antigen
Tolerance is described when a cell has no immune response to a specific antigen
Immature lymphocytes become tolerant to an antigen only when the lymphocyte and antigen _____________.
Immature lymphocytes become tolerant to an antigen only when the lymphocyte and antigen met in fetal life.
____________ T Cell Tolerance
Primary Lymphoid organs
Immature self-reactive lymphocyte die or alter their specificity
No functional T cells with receptors to bind self antigens (they are eliminated)
Central T Cell Tolerance
Primary Lymphoid organs
Immature self-reactive lymphocyte die or alter their specificity
No functional T cells with receptors to bind self antigens (they are eliminated)
_________ T cell Tolerance
Mature lymphocytes that encounter self antigens are suppressed by Treg cells
Clonal anergy
Caused by low doses of antigen or lack of co-stimulation
**Peripheral **T cell Tolerance
Mature lymphocytes that encounter self antigens are suppressed by Treg cells
Clonal anergy
Caused by low doses of antigen or lack of co-stimulation
_________ B cell Tolerance
Causes: VDJ rearrangement, gene conversion, somatic mutation
Suppression at early stages increase tolerance in adulthood
Central B cell Tolerance
Causes: VDJ rearrangement, gene conversion, somatic mutation
Suppression at early stages increase tolerance in adulthood
___________ B cell tolerance
Absence of co-stimulation
Repeated exhaustive antigen stimulation
Oral proteins in high doses > clonal deletion and anergy
Oral proteins in low doses > Treg development
Peripheral B cell tolerance
Absence of co-stimulation
Repeated exhaustive antigen stimulation
Oral proteins in high doses > clonal deletion and anergy
Oral proteins in low doses > Treg development
Elements that regulate the immune response include
Tolerance
Antigen Regulation
Control of APC
Antibody Regulation
Treg Cells
The relationship between antigen concentration and immune response is _________.
The relationship between antigen concentration and immune response is direct.
_____________________________
Increased [antigen] = increased immune response
Langerhans cells are suited for promoting __________.
Langerhans cells are suited for promoting T cell responses.
Follicular Dendritic Cells are primed for ______________.
Follicular Dendritic Cells are primed for B cell responses.
Dendritic cells type 1 are optimized for presentation of antigens to _________.
Dendritic cells type 1 are optimized for presentation of antigens to Th1 cells.
Dendritic cells type 2 are specialized in presenting to ___________.
Dendritic cells type 2 are specialized in presenting to Th2 cells.
Antibodies generally supress ________ responses.
Antibodies generally supress B cell responses.
Negative effect of antibodies on B cell functions is mediated through ____________.
Negative effect of antibodies on B cell functions is mediated through inhibitory B cell receptor CD32b.
Treg cells typically express _______ and _______.
Treg cells typically express CD4 and CD25.
High levels of _________ are found in the intestine to regulate and inhibit immune response on food.
High levels of iTreg are found in the intestine to regulate and inhibit immune response on food.
_________ originate in the thymus and inhibits through direct cell - to - cell contact.
Natural Treg cells originate in the thymus and inhibits through direct cell - to - cell contact.
Induced Treg cells originate in _________.
Induced Treg cells originate in secondary lymphoid organs, especially the intestine.
iTreg maturation is promoted by ______, ________ and ___________.
iTreg maturation is promoted by TGF-beta, Retinoic Acid and Vitamin A.
iTreg produce _______, _______ or _______ for inhibition.
iTreg produce TGF-beta, IL-10 or IL-35 for inhibition.
Treg supresses the response of helper T cells to antigens which prevents
Treg supresses the response of helper T cells to antigens which prevents inappropriate T cell activation in the absence of an antigen
Treg cells suppress _______ and _______ T cell responses.
Treg cells suppress CD4 and CD8 T cell responses.
___________ suppresses macrophates, Th1 cells, Th2 cells, Th17 production, NK cells and Dendritic Cells. It enhances Treg cells.
IL-10 suppresses macrophates, Th1 cells, Th2 cells, Th17 production, NK cells and Dendritic Cells. It enhances Treg cells.
____________ regulates T cell activation, B cell formation, macrophates and other cell processes.
Transforming Growth Factor- Beta regulates T cell activation, B cell formation, macrophates and other cell processes.
