Regulation of the Immune Response

Question 1

T cell tolerance is accomplished through ___________ and ____________ tolerance

Answer 1

T cell tolerance is accomplished through Central and Peripheral tolerance

Question 2

B cells are generally regulated by ___________ mechanisms and by the basence of T cel help.

Answer 2

B cells are generally regulated by peripheral tolerance mechanisms and by the basence of T cel help.

Question 3

Very high and very low concentrations of antigens may cause ___________.

Answer 3

Very high and very low concentrations of antigens may cause tolerance.

Question 4

Antibodies regulate antibody production through ______________ mechanism.

Answer 4

Antibodies regulate antibody production through **negative feedback **mechanism.

Question 5

Treg cells secrete cytokines _______ and _________.

Answer 5

Treg cells secrete cytokines IL-10 and TGF-beta.

Question 6

Th17 cells regulate inflammation by secreting cytokine _________.

Answer 6

Th17 cells regulate inflammation by secreting cytokine IL-17.

Question 7

The immune system and the ________ are interconnected and influence each other.

Answer 7

The immune system and the CNS are interconnected and influence each other.

Question 8

Regulation of immunity is focused on _________ immunity.

Answer 8

Regulation of immunity is focused on adaptive immunity.

Question 9

___________ Immume Response can lead to:

Hypersensitivity I

Autoimmunity

Amyloidosis

Lymphoid tissues

Answer 9

Excessive Immume Response can lead to:

Hypersensitivity I

Autoimmunity

Amyloidosis

Lymphoid tissues

Question 10

_____________ immune response can lead to increased infection and cancer cells.

Answer 10

Decreased/Absent immune response can lead to increased infection and cancer cells.

Question 11

__________ 2/3 of possible gene arrangements are out of frame leading to apoptosis. Creates non functional TCR.

Answer 11

Negative Selection 2/3 of possible gene arrangements are out of frame leading to apoptosis. Creates non functional TCR.

Question 12

____________ ensures that the cells that recognize self-MHC molecules survive.

Answer 12

Positive selection ensures that the cells that recognize self-MHC molecules survive.

Question 13

__________ and ______________ acting together ensures that cells can bind self MHC molecules are selectd and those that bind MHC with low or high affinity are deleted.

Answer 13

Positive and Negative selection acting together ensures that cells can bind self MHC molecules are selectd and those that bind MHC with low or high affinity are deleted.

Question 14

___________ is described when a cell has no immune response to a specific antigen

Answer 14

Tolerance is described when a cell has no immune response to a specific antigen

Question 15

Immature lymphocytes become tolerant to an antigen only when the lymphocyte and antigen _____________.

Answer 15

Immature lymphocytes become tolerant to an antigen only when the lymphocyte and antigen met in fetal life.

Question 16

____________ T Cell Tolerance

Primary Lymphoid organs

Immature self-reactive lymphocyte die or alter their specificity

No functional T cells with receptors to bind self antigens (they are eliminated)

Answer 16

Central T Cell Tolerance

Primary Lymphoid organs

Immature self-reactive lymphocyte die or alter their specificity

No functional T cells with receptors to bind self antigens (they are eliminated)

Question 17

_________ T cell Tolerance

Mature lymphocytes that encounter self antigens are suppressed by Treg cells

Clonal anergy

Caused by low doses of antigen or lack of co-stimulation

Answer 17

**Peripheral **T cell Tolerance

Mature lymphocytes that encounter self antigens are suppressed by Treg cells

Clonal anergy

Caused by low doses of antigen or lack of co-stimulation

Question 18

_________ B cell Tolerance

Causes: VDJ rearrangement, gene conversion, somatic mutation

Suppression at early stages increase tolerance in adulthood

Answer 18

Central B cell Tolerance

Causes: VDJ rearrangement, gene conversion, somatic mutation

Suppression at early stages increase tolerance in adulthood

Question 19

___________ B cell tolerance

Absence of co-stimulation

Repeated exhaustive antigen stimulation

Oral proteins in high doses > clonal deletion and anergy

Oral proteins in low doses > Treg development

Answer 19

Peripheral B cell tolerance

Absence of co-stimulation

Repeated exhaustive antigen stimulation

Oral proteins in high doses > clonal deletion and anergy

Oral proteins in low doses > Treg development

Question 20

Elements that regulate the immune response include

Answer 20

Tolerance

Antigen Regulation

Control of APC

Antibody Regulation

Treg Cells

Question 21

The relationship between antigen concentration and immune response is _________.

Answer 21

The relationship between antigen concentration and immune response is direct.

_____________________________

Increased [antigen] = increased immune response

Question 22

Langerhans cells are suited for promoting __________.

Answer 22

Langerhans cells are suited for promoting T cell responses.

Question 23

Follicular Dendritic Cells are primed for ______________.

Answer 23

Follicular Dendritic Cells are primed for B cell responses.

Question 24

Dendritic cells type 1 are optimized for presentation of antigens to _________.

Answer 24

Dendritic cells type 1 are optimized for presentation of antigens to Th1 cells.

Question 25

Dendritic cells type 2 are specialized in presenting to ___________.

Answer 25

Dendritic cells type 2 are specialized in presenting to Th2 cells.

Question 26

Antibodies generally supress ________ responses.

Answer 26

Antibodies generally supress B cell responses.

Question 27

Negative effect of antibodies on B cell functions is mediated through ____________.

Answer 27

Negative effect of antibodies on B cell functions is mediated through inhibitory B cell receptor CD32b.

Question 28

Treg cells typically express _______ and _______.

Answer 28

Treg cells typically express CD4 and CD25.

Question 29

High levels of _________ are found in the intestine to regulate and inhibit immune response on food.

Answer 29

High levels of iTreg are found in the intestine to regulate and inhibit immune response on food.

Question 30

_________ originate in the thymus and inhibits through direct cell - to - cell contact.

Answer 30

Natural Treg cells originate in the thymus and inhibits through direct cell - to - cell contact.

Question 31

Induced Treg cells originate in _________.

Answer 31

Induced Treg cells originate in secondary lymphoid organs, especially the intestine.

Question 32

iTreg maturation is promoted by ______, ________ and ___________.

Answer 32

iTreg maturation is promoted by TGF-beta, Retinoic Acid and Vitamin A.

Question 33

iTreg produce _______, _______ or _______ for inhibition.

Answer 33

iTreg produce TGF-beta, IL-10 or IL-35 for inhibition.

Question 34

Treg supresses the response of helper T cells to antigens which prevents

Answer 34

Treg supresses the response of helper T cells to antigens which prevents inappropriate T cell activation in the absence of an antigen

Question 35

Treg cells suppress _______ and _______ T cell responses.

Answer 35

Treg cells suppress CD4 and CD8 T cell responses.

Question 36

___________ suppresses macrophates, Th1 cells, Th2 cells, Th17 production, NK cells and Dendritic Cells. It enhances Treg cells.

Answer 36

IL-10 suppresses macrophates, Th1 cells, Th2 cells, Th17 production, NK cells and Dendritic Cells. It enhances Treg cells.

Question 37

____________ regulates T cell activation, B cell formation, macrophates and other cell processes.

Answer 37

Transforming Growth Factor- Beta regulates T cell activation, B cell formation, macrophates and other cell processes.