Cellular Immune Response Flashcards
Cellular immunity is provided by ______.
Cellular immunity is provided by ** T cells**.
Cellular immunity provides immunity to ____________, ____________, _____________, ___________ and _________.
Cellular immunity provides immunity to intracellular bacteria, intracellular viruses, fungi, protozoa and turmors.
T cells recognize antigen only when ______________.
T cells recognize antigen only when it is presented on the surface of APC by self MHC molecules.
T cells recognize _________ antigens.
T cells recognize endogenous antigens.
________ requires more antigens to activate the T cell than _________.
CD4 requires more antigens to activate the T cell than CD8.
Activation of T cell Response Mechanism:
T cell recognize _________ antigen → Antigen Presenting Cell → Presentation of ___________ → __________ recognition of antigen → ________ help activate CD8 T cells
Activation of T cell Response Mechanism:
T cell recognize endogenous antigen → Antigen Presenting Cell → Presentation of MHC molecules → TCR + CD3 Complex recognition of antigen → IL-12/ IFN-gamma help activate CD8 T cells
Caspases activated by multimolecular death complexes
Initiator caspase (2, 8, 9, 10, 14)
Caspases that break down cellular structures
Effector caspases (3, 6, 7)
Caspases activated by multimolecular inflammasomes
Inflammatory caspases (1, 4, 5, 11)
Intrinsic pathway of Apoptosis:
_______ activated → T cells release ______ that enter the infected cell via perforins → Granzymes target the mitochondrian and stimulates the release of ___________ by mitochondrian → production of ____________ → ________ activation → effector caspase activation → DNA, fragmentation, Cytoskeletal disruption, Chromatin disruption → apoptosis
Intrinsic pathway of Apoptosis:
T cells activated → T cells release granzymes that enter the infected cell via perforins → Granzymes target the mitochondrian and stimulates the release of cytochrome c by mitochondrian → production of apoptosome → **caspase 9 **activation → effector caspase activation → DNA, fragmentation, Cytoskeletal disruption, Chromatin disruption → apoptosis
Growth factor withdrawal by T cells can cause cell stress and eventual DNA damage which can lead to the release of _________ by the infected cell itself which takes the same pathway as granzymes
Growth factor withdrawal by T cells can cause cell stress and eventual DNA damage which can lead to the release of Bcl-2 by the infected cell itself which takes the same pathway as granzymes
Extrinsic Pathway of Apoptosis:
T cells are activated and _______ on T cell is bound to ______ on infected cell → disk component on CD95 triggered to activate ____________ → used to trigger ____________ → DNA fragmentation, cytoskeletal disruption, chromatin disruption → apoptosis
Extrinsic Pathway of Apoptosis:
T cells are activated and CD95L on T cell is bound to CD95 on infected cell → disk component on CD95 triggered to activate caspase 8 → used to trigger effector caspases → DNA fragmentation, cytoskeletal disruption, chromatin disruption → apoptosis
Macrophages are not MHC restricted, however, macrophages must be ___________ for it to be able to destroy intracellular microorganisms.
Macrophages are not MHC restricted, however, macrophages must be activated for it to be able to destroy intracellular microorganisms.
Phagocytosis by macrophages of foreign body stimulates ___________________.
Phagocytosis by macrophages of foreign body stimulates two pathways required to activate the macrophage.
Macrophages are stimulated to produce _______ and __________ → stimulates _______ → release __________ → activates macrophage
Macrophages are stimulated to produce IL-12 and TNF-alpha → stimulates NK cells → release IFN-gamma → activates macrophage
Macrophage breaks down microorganism and is able to present an antigen → produce _______ to activate surrounding Tc cells or antigen presentation can stimulate co-stimulatory response from _________ → release ________ and ________ → macrophage activated
Macrophage breaks down microorganism and is able to present an antigen → produce IL-12 to activate surrounding Tc cells or antigen presentation can stimulate co-stimulatory response from Th1 cells → release IFN-gamma and IL-2 → macrophage activated
________ and ________ are required for the full activation of macrophage.
IFN-gamma and IL-2 are required for the full activation of macrophage.
Superantigen
Structure that functions like an antigen to stimulate a response from the immune response, sits like a piece of tape between the MHC molecule and TCR
Superantigens induce the immune response by _____________ that can also lead to toxic shock syndrome
Superantigens induce the immune response by triggering high cytokine production that can also lead to toxic shock syndrome
Th1 cells are activated by ______ and ________.
Th1 cells are activated by CD80 and IL-12.
Th1 cells characterized by the production of ______ and ________.
Th1 cells characterized by the production of IL-2 and IFN-gamma.
IL-2 is essential for activation of _______, _______, ______ and _________.
IL-2 is essential for activation of T cells, B cells, NK cells and macrophages.
IL-2 activates macrophages by inducing _______ production and enhancing ________ activation.
IL-2 activates macrophages by inducing TNF production and enhancing IFN-gamma activation.
INF-gamma is necessary for _______ of Th2 cells, stimulation of ______ cells and activation of _______ and _________.
INF-gamma is necessary for** inhibition **of Th2 cells, stimulation of Th1 cells and activation of NK cells and macrophages.
Th2 does not require IL-12 for activation, instead is activated by _______ and __________.
Th2 does not require IL-12 for activation, instead is activated by **CD86 **and IL-1.
Th2 characterized by the production of ______, _______, ________ and _______.
Th2 characterized by the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13.
__________ stimulates B cell growth and differentiation and activates mast cells. Suppresses Th1 and Th17 activation.
IL-4 stimulates B cell growth and differentiation and activates mast cells. Suppresses Th1 and Th17 activation.
__________ stimulates B cell growth and activates eosinophils.
IL-5 stimulates B cell growth and activates eosinophils.
__________ inhibits Th1 cell functions, suppreses macrophage function.
IL-10 inhibits Th1 cell functions, suppreses macrophage function.
_________ stimulates B cell growth and supresses macrophages.
IL-13 stimulates B cell growth and supresses macrophages.
Th1 plays a significant role in promotion of __________.
Th1 plays a significant role in promotion of cellular immune response.
Th2 plays a significant role in ___________.
Th2 plays a significant role in humoral immune response.
Th17 characterized by the production of ______, ________, _________ and ___________.
Th17 characterized by the production of IL-6, IL-21, IL-23 and TGF-beta.
Functions of Th17 cells include producing ____________ and helping to __________.
Functions of Th17 cells include producing proinflammatory cytokines and helping to activate B cells.
Antigen recognition by naive______ T cells → activation of T cell → half of T cell connected to ________ → differentiation of new daughter cell → effector CD8 T cell originates from the half connected to the dendritic cell and _____________ created from half that was not connected to dendritic cell
Antigen recognition by naive CD8+ T cells → activation of T cell → half of T cell connected to dendritic cell → differentiation of new daughter cell → effector CD8 T cell originates from the half connected to the dendritic cell and memory CD8 T cell created from half that was not connected to dendritic cell
_________ used for killing of infected target cells and activation of macrophages.
Effector CD8+ T cell used for killing of infected target cells and activation of macrophages.
_______ memory is specific towards the antigen taht was originally presented on the APC.
Memory CD8+ T cell memory is specific towards the antigen taht was originally presented on the APC.
Effector memory T cells have increased _______ receptors.
Effector memory T cells have increased IL-2 receptors.
Effector Memory T cells increase ______ and ________ production when triggered.
Effector Memory T cells increase **IL-4 **and IFN-gamma production when triggered.
_________ is required for the Tc memory cell to survive.
IL-15 is required for the Tc memory cell to survive.
