Cellular Immune Response

Question 1

Cellular immunity is provided by ______.

Answer 1

Cellular immunity is provided by ** T cells**.

Question 2

Cellular immunity provides immunity to ____________, ____________, _____________, ___________ and _________.

Answer 2

Cellular immunity provides immunity to intracellular bacteria, intracellular viruses, fungi, protozoa and turmors.

Question 3

T cells recognize antigen only when ______________.

Answer 3

T cells recognize antigen only when it is presented on the surface of APC by self MHC molecules.

Question 4

T cells recognize _________ antigens.

Answer 4

T cells recognize endogenous antigens.

Question 5

________ requires more antigens to activate the T cell than _________.

Answer 5

CD4 requires more antigens to activate the T cell than CD8.

Question 6

Activation of T cell Response Mechanism:

T cell recognize _________ antigen → Antigen Presenting Cell → Presentation of ___________ → __________ recognition of antigen → ________ help activate CD8 T cells

Answer 6

Activation of T cell Response Mechanism:

T cell recognize endogenous antigen → Antigen Presenting Cell → Presentation of MHC molecules → TCR + CD3 Complex recognition of antigen → IL-12/ IFN-gamma help activate CD8 T cells

Question 7

Caspases activated by multimolecular death complexes

Answer 7

Initiator caspase (2, 8, 9, 10, 14)

Question 8

Caspases that break down cellular structures

Answer 8

Effector caspases (3, 6, 7)

Question 9

Caspases activated by multimolecular inflammasomes

Answer 9

Inflammatory caspases (1, 4, 5, 11)

Question 10

Intrinsic pathway of Apoptosis:

_______ activated → T cells release ______ that enter the infected cell via perforins → Granzymes target the mitochondrian and stimulates the release of ___________ by mitochondrian → production of ____________ → ________ activation → effector caspase activation → DNA, fragmentation, Cytoskeletal disruption, Chromatin disruption → apoptosis

Answer 10

Intrinsic pathway of Apoptosis:

T cells activated → T cells release granzymes that enter the infected cell via perforins → Granzymes target the mitochondrian and stimulates the release of cytochrome c by mitochondrian → production of apoptosome → **caspase 9 **activation → effector caspase activation → DNA, fragmentation, Cytoskeletal disruption, Chromatin disruption → apoptosis

Question 11

Growth factor withdrawal by T cells can cause cell stress and eventual DNA damage which can lead to the release of _________ by the infected cell itself which takes the same pathway as granzymes

Answer 11

Growth factor withdrawal by T cells can cause cell stress and eventual DNA damage which can lead to the release of Bcl-2 by the infected cell itself which takes the same pathway as granzymes

Question 12

Extrinsic Pathway of Apoptosis:

T cells are activated and _______ on T cell is bound to ______ on infected cell → disk component on CD95 triggered to activate ____________ → used to trigger ____________ → DNA fragmentation, cytoskeletal disruption, chromatin disruption → apoptosis

Answer 12

Extrinsic Pathway of Apoptosis:

T cells are activated and CD95L on T cell is bound to CD95 on infected cell → disk component on CD95 triggered to activate caspase 8 → used to trigger effector caspases → DNA fragmentation, cytoskeletal disruption, chromatin disruption → apoptosis

Question 13

Macrophages are not MHC restricted, however, macrophages must be ___________ for it to be able to destroy intracellular microorganisms.

Answer 13

Macrophages are not MHC restricted, however, macrophages must be activated for it to be able to destroy intracellular microorganisms.

Question 14

Phagocytosis by macrophages of foreign body stimulates ___________________.

Answer 14

Phagocytosis by macrophages of foreign body stimulates two pathways required to activate the macrophage.

Question 15

Macrophages are stimulated to produce _______ and __________ → stimulates _______ → release __________ → activates macrophage

Answer 15

Macrophages are stimulated to produce IL-12 and TNF-alpha → stimulates NK cells → release IFN-gamma → activates macrophage

Question 16

Macrophage breaks down microorganism and is able to present an antigen → produce _______ to activate surrounding Tc cells or antigen presentation can stimulate co-stimulatory response from _________ → release ________ and ________ → macrophage activated

Answer 16

Macrophage breaks down microorganism and is able to present an antigen → produce IL-12 to activate surrounding Tc cells or antigen presentation can stimulate co-stimulatory response from Th1 cells → release IFN-gamma and IL-2 → macrophage activated

Question 17

________ and ________ are required for the full activation of macrophage.

Answer 17

IFN-gamma and IL-2 are required for the full activation of macrophage.

Question 18

Superantigen

Answer 18

Structure that functions like an antigen to stimulate a response from the immune response, sits like a piece of tape between the MHC molecule and TCR

Question 19

Superantigens induce the immune response by _____________ that can also lead to toxic shock syndrome

Answer 19

Superantigens induce the immune response by triggering high cytokine production that can also lead to toxic shock syndrome

Question 20

Th1 cells are activated by ______ and ________.

Answer 20

​Th1 cells are activated by CD80 and IL-12.

Question 21

Th1 cells characterized by the production of ______ and ________.

Answer 21

Th1 cells characterized by the production of IL-2 and IFN-gamma.

Question 22

IL-2 is essential for activation of _______, _______, ______ and _________.

Answer 22

IL-2 is essential for activation of T cells, B cells, NK cells and macrophages.

Question 23

IL-2 activates macrophages by inducing _______ production and enhancing ________ activation.

Answer 23

IL-2 activates macrophages by inducing TNF production and enhancing IFN-gamma activation.

Question 24

INF-gamma is necessary for _______ of Th2 cells, stimulation of ______ cells and activation of _______ and _________.

Answer 24

INF-gamma is necessary for** inhibition **of Th2 cells, stimulation of Th1 cells and activation of NK cells and macrophages.

Question 25

Th2 does not require IL-12 for activation, instead is activated by _______ and __________.

Answer 25

Th2 does not require IL-12 for activation, instead is activated by **CD86 **and IL-1.

Question 26

Th2 characterized by the production of ______, _______, ________ and _______.

Answer 26

Th2 characterized by the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13.

Question 27

__________ stimulates B cell growth and differentiation and activates mast cells. Suppresses Th1 and Th17 activation.

Answer 27

IL-4 stimulates B cell growth and differentiation and activates mast cells. Suppresses Th1 and Th17 activation.

Question 28

__________ stimulates B cell growth and activates eosinophils.

Answer 28

IL-5 stimulates B cell growth and activates eosinophils.

Question 29

__________ inhibits Th1 cell functions, suppreses macrophage function.

Answer 29

IL-10 inhibits Th1 cell functions, suppreses macrophage function.

Question 30

_________ stimulates B cell growth and supresses macrophages.

Answer 30

IL-13 stimulates B cell growth and supresses macrophages.

Question 31

Th1 plays a significant role in promotion of __________.

Answer 31

Th1 plays a significant role in promotion of cellular immune response.

Question 32

Th2 plays a significant role in ___________.

Answer 32

Th2 plays a significant role in humoral immune response.

Question 33

Th17 characterized by the production of ______, ________, _________ and ___________.

Answer 33

Th17 characterized by the production of IL-6, IL-21, IL-23 and TGF-beta.

Question 34

Functions of Th17 cells include producing ____________ and helping to __________.

Answer 34

Functions of Th17 cells include producing proinflammatory cytokines and helping to activate B cells.

Question 35

Antigen recognition by naive______ T cells → activation of T cell → half of T cell connected to ________ → differentiation of new daughter cell → effector CD8 T cell originates from the half connected to the dendritic cell and _____________ created from half that was not connected to dendritic cell

Answer 35

Antigen recognition by naive CD8+ T cells → activation of T cell → half of T cell connected to dendritic cell → differentiation of new daughter cell → effector CD8 T cell originates from the half connected to the dendritic cell and memory CD8 T cell created from half that was not connected to dendritic cell

Question 36

_________ used for killing of infected target cells and activation of macrophages.

Answer 36

Effector CD8+ T cell used for killing of infected target cells and activation of macrophages.

Question 37

_______ memory is specific towards the antigen taht was originally presented on the APC.

Answer 37

Memory CD8+ T cell memory is specific towards the antigen taht was originally presented on the APC.

Question 38

Effector memory T cells have increased _______ receptors.

Answer 38

Effector memory T cells have increased IL-2 receptors.

Question 39

Effector Memory T cells increase ______ and ________ production when triggered.

Answer 39

Effector Memory T cells increase **IL-4 **and IFN-gamma production when triggered.

Question 40

_________ is required for the Tc memory cell to survive.

Answer 40

IL-15 is required for the Tc memory cell to survive.