Humoral Immune Response Flashcards
___________ is driven by B lymphocytes and its ability to produce antibodies in response to antigen.
Humoral immunity is driven by B lymphocytes and its ability to produce antibodies in response to antigen.
___________ stimulated for an intracellular pathogen, while ___________ is stimulated for an extracellular pathogen.
Cellular immunity stimulated for an intracellular pathogen, while humoral immunity is stimulated for an extracellular pathogen.
__________ and _________ are the two subcategories of the humoral immune response.
Passive and active are the two subcategories of the humoral immune response.
_________ is an example of an artificial passive humoral immune response
Immunoglobulins is an example of an artificial passive humoral immune response
___________ is an example of natural passive humoral immune response.
Transplacental, Colostrum, egg is an example of natural passive humoral immune response.
__________ is an example of artificial active humoral response.
Vaccination is an example of artificial active humoral response.
__________ is an example of natural active humoral response.
Disease is an example of natural active humoral response.
_________ created by B cells are the BCR
Antibodies created by B cells are the BCR
_______ is a complex receptor made up of a combination of light and heavy chains.
BCR is a complex receptor made up of a combination of light and heavy chains.
Light chains consist of _________, ___________, ___________, and __________.
Light chains consist of constant domain, variable domain, light kappa chain, and light lambda chain.
Heavy chains consist of __________ and __________.
Heavy chains consist of variable domain and constant domain.
There are 5 different types of _________ chains.
There are 5 different types of heavy chains.
VH + VL= ___________
VH + VL = Antigen binding site
CH + CL = ____________
CH+ CL = Stabilizer of the antigen binding site
Framework regions
Constant regions within the hypervariable regions
Complementary Determining Regions (CDR)
Region with difference, recognizes the antigen
BCRs use _________ to aid in signal transduction
BCRs use CD79 complex to aid in signal transduction
___________ is made up of two alpha and beta chains.
CD79 complex is made up of two alpha and beta chains.
B lymphocytes can act as a co-stimulator that stimulate _________ further.
B lymphocytes can act as a co-stimulator that stimulate Th cells further.
Co-stimulation of B lymphocytes increases the production of ______, ______, _______, _______ by the helper T cells.
Co-stimulation of B lymphocytes increases the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13 by the helper T cells.
_________ increases the growth and differentiation of B cells and increases the expression of MHC II
IL-4 increases the growth and differentiation of B cells and increases the expression of MHC II
_______ induces Ig class switching.
IL-4 induces Ig class switching.
_________ stimulates B cell differentiation into plasma cells.
IL-5 stimulates B cell differentiation into plasma cells.
________ stimulates IgM and IgG production
IL-5 stimulates IgM and IgG production
________ selectively stimulates IgA production.
IL-5 selectively stimulates IgA production.
_________ is needed for final differentiation of B cell into plasma cells.
IL-6 is needed for final differentiation of B cell into plasma cells.
_______ required for optimal induction of IgE
IL-13 required for optimal induction of IgE
IL-4 + IL-5 = ________ production.
IL-4 + IL-5 = IgE production.
IL-5 + IL-6 = ________ production.
IL-5 + IL-6 = IgA production.
IL-1 + IL-6 = ________ production.
IL-1 + IL-6 = IgM production.
CD40 on the B cell binds to CD154 on the T cell to trigger ___________ from the T cell.
CD40 on the B cell binds to CD154 on the T cell to trigger IL-4 from the T cell.
CD40 on the B cell binds to CD154 on the T cell to trigger ___________ from the B cell.
CD40 on the B cell binds to CD154 on the T cell to trigger proliferation, Ig production and Ig class switching from the B cell.
CD40 on the B cell binds to CD154 on the T cell to trigger ___________ in dendritic cells.
CD40 on the B cell binds to CD154 on the T cell to trigger** antigen presentation, cytokine production and cell survival** in dendritic cells.
CD40 on the B cell binds to CD154 on the T cell to trigger ___________ in macrophages.
CD40 on the B cell binds to CD154 on the T cell to trigger cytokine production, activation in macrophages.
CD21 is the complement receptor for _______ . It recognizes the _________ part of the C3b complement to trigger _________.
CD21 is the complement receptor for C3. It recognizes the C3d part of the C3b complement to trigger CD19.
_________ is a signaling component. It costimulates with ________’s signal to amplify it.
CD19 is a signaling component. It costimulates with CD79’s signal to amplify it.
Two types of memory B cells are _________ and ___________.
Two types of memory B cells are Long-lived resting memory cell and Large and dividing memory cell.
The long lived resting memory B cells survival does not depend on __________, it is stored until needed.
The long lived resting memory B cells survival does not depend on antigen contact, it is stored until needed.
Large, dividing memory B cells survival depends on ___________, it is used and proliferates into _____ and _______ BCRs.
Large, dividing memory B cells survival depends on antigen contact, it is used and proliferates into IgM and IgG BCRs.
General pathway of antibodies:
Activation of _________ → Increase ______ → _________ production → 1. increased _______ recognition → elimination/destruction of antigen source
or
→ 2. __________ released into body fluids
General pathway of antibodies:
Activation of B cells → Increase BCR → Antibody production → 1. increased antigen recognition → elimination/destruction of antigen source
or
→ 2. antibody released into body fluids
Antibody classes:
(Most abundant) _______, _____, _______, _______, __________ (Least abundant)
Antibody classes:
(Most abundant) IgG, IgM, IgA,IgD, IgE (Least abundant)
____________
Produced when an animal has been exposed to an antigen for a long time or when the animal is experiencing a second exposure to the same antigen
IgG
Produced when an animal has been exposed to an antigen for a long time or when the animal is experiencing a second exposure to the same antigen
__________
Plasma cell found in the spleen, lymph node and bone marrow
IgG
Plasma cell found in the spleen, lymph node and bone marrow
___________
Important in inflammation
IgG
Important in inflammation
_______
Agglutination
IgG and IgM
Agglutination
_____________
Opsonisation
IgG and IgM
Opsonisation
_____________
Activates the classical complement pathway
IgG
Activates the classical complement pathway
____________
Predominantly made during the first exposure to an antigen. First antibody made by newborns.
IgM
Predominantly made during the first exposure to an antigen. First antibody made by newborns.
___________
Large plasma cell confines the antibody within the blood stream and secondary lymphoid organs
IgM
Large plasma cell confines the antibody within the blood stream and secondary lymphoid organs
____________
Functions as antigen receptors on naive B cells
IgM
Functions as antigen receptors on naive B cells
___________
Complement activation site is on the CH4
IgM
Complement activation site is on the CH4
____________
Virus neutrilization
IgM
Virus neutrilization
________
Predominant antibody in secretions
IgA
Predominant antibody in secretions
__________
Important role in preventing diseases cause by organisms that may enter the body through mucosal surfaces
IgA
Important role in preventing diseases cause by organisms that may enter the body through mucosal surfaces
___________
Associated with anaphylactic reactions and immunity to parasites.
IgE
Associated with anaphylactic reactions and immunity to parasites.
___________
Produced by plasma cells located under body surfaces.
IgE
Produced by plasma cells located under body surfaces.
______________
Attached to RcERI on mast cells and basophils
IgE
Attached to RcERI on mast cells and basophils
____________
Release inflammatory molecules from mast cells
IgE
Release inflammatory molecules from mast cells
___________
Shortest half-life of all antibodies
IgE
Shortest half-life of all antibodies
___________
Functions as BCR on naive B cells
IgD
Functions as BCR on naive B cells
____________
Not found in cats, chickens, and rabbits
IgD
Not found in cats, chickens, and rabbits
______________
Mediates the link between innate and adaptive immune response
IgD
Mediates the link between innate and adaptive immune response
Naive B lymphocytes express two classes of membrane bound antibodies: ______ and _______.
Naive B lymphocytes express two classes of membrane bound antibodies: IgM and IgD.
With repeated exposure the antibody is fully suited to recognize all parts of the antigen thus __________
With repeated exposure the antibody is fully suited to recognize all parts of the antigen thus increasing its affinity
______ and _______ are found on the surface of B cells to recognize a complement protein that may have attached to the antigenic determinatn that is presented.
CD19 and CD21 are found on the surface of B cells to recognize a complement protein that may have attached to the antigenic determinatn that is presented.
_______ the protein that recognized the complement protein
CD21 the protein that recognized the complement protein
______ is the signal transducing protein of the complex
CD19 is the signal transducing protein of the complex
B cell interaction with antigens/pathogens:
B cells and T cells enter lymph node through HEVs → Antigen binding B cells are trapped in the _______ → interact with ______ to form primary focus → B cells encounter antigen and migrate to __________ → ________ formation → B cell __________ → newly created _______ leave via efferent lymphatics → travel to _________ where antibodies are created.
B cell interaction with antigens/pathogens:
B cells and T cells enter lymph node through HEVs → Antigen binding B cells are trapped in the T-cell zone → interact with Th cells to form primary focus → B cells encounter antigen and migrate to primary lymphoid follicles → germinal centre formation → B cell** proliferation** → newly created plasma cells leave via efferent lymphatics → travel to bone marrow where antibodies are created.
Antigen processing and presentation by B cells occurs inside the ________.
Antigen processing and presentation by B cells occurs inside the lymph node.
B cell as APC
B cell engulfs antigen → breaks down antigen → _______ picks up antigen and presents it on its surface → ________ recognizes the _______ → activation ot the Th cell to release _________ → activation of the ______ to initiate development and proliferation.
B cell as APC
B cell engulfs antigen → breaks down antigen → MHC class II picks up antigen and presents it on its surface → ** Th cell **recognizes the MHC class II → activation of the Th cell to release IL-2, 4 and 5 → activation of the B cell to initiate development and proliferation.
Primary Immune Response
_______ B cell → activated B cell → ________ cells in the peripheral lymphoid organ → low level antibody production of _____ → long lived _______ in bone marrow and _________.
Primary Immune Response
Naive B cell → activated B cell →antibody-secreting cells in the peripheral lymphoid organ → low level antibody production of IgM → long lived plasma cells in bone marrow and B memory cells.
Secondary Immune Response:
________ activated → ________ cells produce and secrete large amounts of ______ → long lived _______ reside in the bone marrow and _______.
Secondary Immune Response:
Memory B cell activated → **antibody secreteing **cells produce and secrete large amounts of IgG → long lived plasma cells reside in the bone marrow and memory B cells.
_______________ can be neutralized by the binding of antibodies. Neutralized toxin can be ingested by _________ and broken down. Antibodies block off receptors that usually attach to its target.
Bacterial toxins can be neutralized by the binding of antibodies. Neutralized toxin can be ingested by macrophages and broken down. Antibodies block off receptors that usually attach to its target.
_____________ are targeted with antibodies, marked to be recognized by macrophages and once ingested, lysis occurs.
Extracellular bacteria are targeted with antibodies, marked to be recognized by macrophages and once ingested, lysis occurs.
_______________ are bound by antibodies as well as complement fragment, macrophage can recognize as antibody, ingestion and lysis occurs.
Plasma bacteria are bound by antibodies as well as complement fragment, macrophage can recognize as antibody, ingestion and lysis occurs.
Ability of a receptor to bind to an antigen is determined by the ________________.
Ability of a receptor to bind to an antigen is determined by the shape of the binding site.
Unwanted receptor genes can be deleted by ____________.
Unwanted receptor genes can be deleted by enzyme recombinase.
Mutations and change to the chains of antibody occur by either __________ or by _________.
Mutations and change to the chains of antibody occur by either **somatic muction **or by **gene conversion **.
Change in the antibody genes is formed by recombination of the ___________ gene segments.
Change in the antibody genes is formed by recombination of the **V and J **gene segments.
If a mutation ________ antigen binding, the mutated cell is destroyed.
If a mutation reduces antigen binding, the mutated cell is destroyed.
If a mutation ________ the antigen binding, the mutated cell lives.
If a mutation **enhances **the antigen binding, the mutated cell lives.
