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Cardio Physio > Regulation Of The Heart Rate > Flashcards

Regulation Of The Heart Rate Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the heart contracts first?

A

Atrium

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2
Q

How is the heart a dual pump?

A

The left and right sides of the heart pump blood separately, but simultaneously, into the systemic and pulmonary circuits.

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3
Q

Cardiac contraction is triggered by…

A

…depolarization of CM that arises from the SAN

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4
Q

What is the normal heart rate

A

60 to 80 bpm

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5
Q

When is bradycardia physiologically normal?

A
  • At sleep

- In trained athletes

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6
Q

When is tachycardia physiologically normal?

A
  • In children
  • Excitement
  • Exercise
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7
Q

Agents that mimic PNS and SNS

A

PNS - Propanolol

SNS - Atropine

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8
Q

Agents that’s going to mimic the action or effects of the SN are referred to as

A

Catecholamines

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9
Q

What is the Intrinsic HR?

A

Seen when after the blockage of sympathetic and parasympathetic NS. It is 100bts/min

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10
Q

Factors responsible for heart rate regulation

A

BBHNCRV

Baroreceptor
Bainbridge reflex
Higher Centres
Neural
Chemoreceptor
Respiration
Ventricular Receptor
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11
Q

What controls the CVN?

A

Medulla oblongata

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12
Q

Steps in PNS neural regulation

A
  1. CVN cells controlled by medulla synapse with postganglionic on epicardium surface near SAN and AVN
  2. Right goes to SAN, left to AVN
  3. Effect = Reduction
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13
Q

The effect of the SNS In increasing the heart rate is a gradual process. True or false?

A

True

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14
Q

Does the hypothalamus increase or reduce heart rate?

A

It leads to an alteration in the heart rate, depending on which part of it is stimulated

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15
Q

What are the higher centers of the brain?

A

Frontal lobe of the brain
The cerebral cortex
The thalamus
Hypothalamus

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16
Q

The baroreceptors are located in…

A

…the Aortic Arch and Carotid sinuses

17
Q

How do the baroreceptors cause changes in the heart rate?

A

They elicit changes in the heart rates due to acute changes in arterial blood pressure

18
Q

What is the relationship between the arterial blood pressure and heart rate?

A

They are inversely proportional to one another

19
Q

How does the Bainbridge reflex work?

A

Increase in blood volume or infusion of saline evokes the Bainbridge reflex, increasing the HR, magnitude of which depends on the prevailing HR.

20
Q

What else is evoked by the Bainbridge reflex?

A

The baroreflex which antagonizes its action.

21
Q

The actual change in HR depends on…

A

…the antagonistic effects of the baroreceptor reflex

22
Q

Effect of Bainbridge reflex on heart rate?

A

Increases HR. Will be low if blood volume is increased and baroreflex is greater then Bainbridge

23
Q

Atrial receptors are found in…

A

…the right atria wall

24
Q

What is dysrythmia?

A

An alteration in the rhythm of the heartbeat

25
Q

How does respiration affect the heart rate?

A

The heart rate is increased during inspiration and reduced during expiration

26
Q

What causes change of heart rates during respiration?

A

Changes in neural activity during the respiratory cycle

27
Q

Stimulation of arterial chemoreceptors has a dual effect on the heart rate. True or false?

A

True

28
Q

What determines the effects of arterial chemoreceptors on the heart rate?

A

The site of stimulation

29
Q

The primary reflex effect of stimulation of arterial chemoreceptors is to…

A

…facilitate the medullary vagal centre and thereby to decrease HR

30
Q

The secondary effects of the stimulation of arterial chemoreceptors are to…

A

…inhibit the medullary vagal centre and cause pulmonary hyperventilation

31
Q

There are ventricular receptors in the wall of the ventricles that can have strong effects on the heart rate. True or false?

A

False. They have mild effects.

32
Q

What does excitation of the endocardial receptors in the ventricles do?

A

It diminishes HR and peripheral resistance

Cardio Physio (10 decks)

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