Regulation Of Arterial Blood Pressure

Question 1

What are the two pathways for ABP regulation?

Answer 1

Local regulation (one part)
Global regulation (entire body)

Question 2

Local control of ABP involves…

Answer 2

Regulation of ABP to an organ by local control or constriction of a vessel

Question 3

Agents responsible for local regulations are

Answer 3

Those responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Question 4

Agents responsible for vasoconstriction

Answer 4

Angiotensin II
Vasopresine
Cytokines
Oxygen free radicals

Question 5

Agents responsible for vasodilation

Answer 5

Nitric oxide

ANP

Question 6

Global regulation of ABP is long-term. True or false?

Answer 6

True, but not all, just renal

Question 7

What are the global ABP regulation methods?

Answer 7

Nervous
Hormonal
Renal

Question 8

Nervous control of arterial blood pressure is a long-term way of regulating BP. True or false?

Answer 8

False

Question 9

And what situations does nervous control of ABP kick in?

Answer 9

For rapid increase during exercise or stress

Question 10

Nervous control of arterial blood pressure involves…

Answer 10

stimulation of the entire vasoconstrictor and cardioaccelerator functions and inhibition of the parasympathetic vagal inhibitory signals to the CVS

Question 11

What are the expected changes during nervous control of arterial blood pressure?

Answer 11

• construction of arterioles of systemic circulation to increase the total PR, thereby increasing ABP
• constriction of veins to increase VR and CO
• cardioacceleration by SNS

Question 12

What is the relationship between peripheral resistance and arterial blood pressure?

Answer 12

They are directly proportional

Question 13

The nervous system controls regulation of BP through

Answer 13

ANS and reflexes

Question 14

The nervous system of regulation redistributes blood flow to different areas of the body. True or false?

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What are the different reflexes responsible for short-term regulation of arterial blood pressure by the nervous system?

Answer 15

Baroreceptor reflex Chemoreceptor reflex

Question 16

The components of a reflex

Answer 16

Receptor
Afferent neuron
Control center
Efferent neuron
Effector

Question 17

Afferent pathway for the carotid baroreceptors

Answer 17

Hering’s nerves —> Glossopharyngeal nerves in the high neck —>
Tractus solitarius in the medullary area of the brain stem.

Question 18

The vasomotor center for the baroreceptors is found in

Answer 18

Tractus solitarius in the medullary area of the brain stem.

Question 19

Afferent pathway for the aortic baroreceptors

Answer 19

Vagus nerves —> Tractus solitarius in the medullary area of the brain stem

Question 20

Location of tractus solitarius VMC

Answer 20

It is located bilaterally mainly in the reticular substance of the medulla and of the lower third of the pon

Question 21

The baroreceptor VMC consists of:

Answer 21

CAC - Cardioacceleratory center
CIC - …inhibitory…
CEC - …excitatory…

Question 22

Functions of the VMC

Answer 22

• Decrease HR through vagus nerves and PNS
• Increase HR through SNS and peripheral sympathetic nerves
• Produce vasoconstrictor tone

Question 23

Methods of ABP regulation by baroreceptor reflex

Answer 23

Bilateral carotid occlusion

Postural change

Question 24

Which system of arterial blood pressure regulation is called a buffer system?

Answer 24

Baroreceptor system

Question 25

In which system of arterial blood pressure regulation are buffer nerves found?

Answer 25

Baroreceptor system

Question 26

What is the stimulus for the baroreceptor reflex for arterial blood pressure regulation?

Answer 26

Stretch of receptors, increased rate of firing of the normal operating range

Question 27

The organs for the chemoreceptor reflex of arterial blood pressure regulation are...

Answer 27

- Carotid bodies in the bifurcation of the common carotid artery - Aortic bodies adjacent to the aorta

Question 28

Stimulus for Chemoreceptor reflex

Answer 28

Lack of oxygen Excess CO2 Hydrogen ion excess

Question 29

Afferents for chemoreceptor reflex

Answer 29

Hering’s nerves and the vagus nerves

Question 30

Control centre for chemoreceptor reflex

Answer 30

VMC

Question 31

Efferent arm for chemoreceptor reflex

Answer 31

ANS

Question 32

Effector organs for chemoreceptor reflex

Answer 32

Heart and blood vessels

Question 33

The carotid sinus baroreceptors respond to increase and decrease in arterial blood pressure. True or false?

Answer 33

True

Question 34

The aortic arch baroreceptors respond to increase and decrease in arterial blood pressure. True or false?

Answer 34

False. They respond to only increase

Question 35

What are the reflexes involved in nervous control about your blood pressure?

Answer 35

- Baroreceptor reflex - Chemoreceptor reflex - Atrial and pulmonary artery reflexes - Atrial Bainbridge reflex - Brain (CNS) ischemic response - Abdominal contraction reflex

Question 36

Hormonal control of arterial blood pressure acts through

Answer 36

RAAS Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System

Question 37

Where are epinephrine and norepinephrine produced?

Answer 37

The adrenal medulla

Question 38

Where is renin produced?

Answer 38

Kidney nephrons

Question 39

Where is aldosterone produced?

Answer 39

Adrenal cortex

Question 40

Where is angiotensin produced?

Answer 40

Liver

Question 41

Where is ADH or vasopressin produced?

Answer 41

Hypothalamus

Question 42

Where is ANP produced?

Answer 42

Heart atrium

Question 43

Functions of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 43

Temporarily decreases kidney function by vasoconstriction

Question 44

Function of renin

Answer 44

Increases blood pressure by acting on angiotensinogen

Question 45

Functions of vasopressin or ADH

Answer 45

Promotes water retention

Question 46

Function of ANP

Answer 46

- Decreases BP - Decreases sodium reabsorption - Increases glomerular filtration rate

Question 47

Will it renin lead to increased blood pressure?

Answer 47

Yes, it will

Question 48

Which hormone stimulates production of androtensin?

Answer 48

Renin

Question 49

Which hormone is antagonistic to the angiotensin pathway?

Answer 49

ANP

Question 50

How does ANP oppose angiotensin?

Answer 50

Angiotensin decreases glomerular filtration rate, and increases water retention and blood volume while ANP reduce these.

Question 51

Effect of blood volume and ECF on arterial blood pressure

Answer 51

If they are high, arterial blood pressure will be high

Question 52

What is pressure diuresis?

Answer 52

The process whereby an increase in body fluid leads to increased blood pressure and increased renal output of water

Question 53

What is pressure natriuresis?

Answer 53

The process whereby there is an increase in salt in the body leading to increased blood pressure and increased renal output of salt

Question 54

The renal function curve is a graph of what against what?

Answer 54

Urinary volume outputs against arterial blood pressure

Question 55

The equilibrium point on the renal function curve describes...

Answer 55

... the level to which the arterial pressure will be regulated.

Question 56

The two primary determinants of the long-term arterial pressure level are as follows...

Answer 56

1. The degree of pressure shift of the renal output curve for water and salt 2. The level of the water and salt intake line