Peripheral Resistance And Intro To Arterial Blood Pressure

Question 1

What is haemodynamics?

Answer 1

Hemodynamics is the branch of physiology concerned with the physical principles governing pressure, flow, resistance, volume, and compliance as they relate to the cardiovascular system.

Question 2

What percentage of blood pumped goes into the systemic circulation?

Answer 2

84%

Question 3

What percentage of blood pumped goes into the pulmonary circulation?

Answer 3

16%

Question 4

The entire cardiovascular system, from the heart to the smallest capillary, has one structural component in common. What is it?

Answer 4

A smooth, single-celled layer of endothelial cells, or endothelium, which lines the inner (blood-contacting) surface of the vessels.

Question 5

The inner surface of blood vessels is lined with…

Answer 5

…endothelium

Question 6

Who has thicker walls - arteries or veins?

Answer 6

Arteries

Question 7

Where is the pressure higher - arteries or veins?

Answer 7

Arteries

Question 8

What are the capacitance vessels?

Answer 8

Veins

Question 9

What are the conduit vessels?

Answer 9

Aorta and thoracic parts

Question 10

The velocity of blood flow is high in the

Answer 10

Arteries

Question 11

Which one holds a larger volume of blood - arteries or veins?

Answer 11

Veins

Question 12

The rate of blood flow to each tissue of the body is almost always precisely controlled in relation to…

Answer 12

…the tissue need

Question 13

Blood flow through a blood vessel is determined by two factors

Answer 13

Pressure gradient

Vascular resistance

Question 14

What is the pressure gradient?

Answer 14

The pressure difference of the blood between the two ends of the vessel, which is the force that pushes the blood through the vessel,

Question 15

What is vascular resistance?

Answer 15

The impediment to blood flow through a vessel

Question 16

Instruments used for measurement of blood flow

Answer 16

Electromagnetic flowmeter

Ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter

Question 17

What is the peripheral resistance?

Answer 17

The resistance that must be overcome to push blood through the circulatory system and create flow.

Question 18

Factors regulating PVR

Answer 18

• Arteriolar tone
• Precapillary arteriolar diameter (autoregulatory vessels)
• Blood viscosity: hematocrit
• Lung volume (PVR is lowest at the FRC)
• Degree of lung distension

Question 19

What is blood pressure?

Answer 19

It is the force exerted by blood upon the walls of the blood vessels or the chambers of the heart. It is the pressure of blood flowing through the arteries of systemic circulation

Question 20

In clinical practice, ABP is obtained using…

Answer 20

… the brachial artery of the arm.

Question 21

Components of ABP

Answer 21

Systolic blood pressure
Diastolic blood pressure
Mean ABP
Pulse pressure

Question 22

Systolic blood pressure

Answer 22

The arterial pressure resulting from the ejection of blood during ventricular contraction, or systole (typically around 120 mm Hg)

Question 23

Diastolic blood pressure
Mean ABP
Pulse pressure

Answer 23

The arterial pressure of blood during ventricular relaxation, or diastole (usually about 80 mm Hg)

Question 24

Pulse pressure

Answer 24

The difference between the systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure. PP= SBP-DBP.

Question 25

Pulse pressure is reduced in…

Answer 25

…patients with congestive heart failure, stenosis of the aortic valve, or significant blood loss following trauma.

Question 26

Mean ABP

Answer 26

The “average” pressure of blood in the arteries, that is, the average force driving blood into vessels that serve the tissues

Question 27

MABP =

Answer 27

DBP + (PP/3)

Question 28

What is pulse?

Answer 28

The expansion and recoiling effect of the arteries following ejection of blood from the heart.

Question 29

Pulse is used as…

Answer 29

…an indicator of heart rate

Question 30

Types of systems for the measurement of ABP

Answer 30

Invasive

Non-invasive

Question 31

Who developed the use of a sphigmomanometer and stethoscope to check blood pressure

Answer 31

Dr. Nikolai Korotkoff

Question 32

What is the mechanism for the use of a sphyg?

Answer 32

Turbulent blood flow through the vessels can be heard as a soft ticking while measuring blood pressure; these sounds are known as Korotkoff sounds.

Question 33

Factors that influence blood pressure

Answer 33

• Cardiac output
• Compliance
• Volume of the blood
• Viscosity of the blood
• Blood vessel length and diameter

Question 34

Relationship between peripheral resistance and arterial blood pressure

Answer 34

When the total peripheral resistance is acutely increased,the arterial pressure does rise immediately

Question 35

When do changes in total peripheral resistance not affect the long-term level of arterial pressure?

Answer 35

In different clinical conditions where the longterm total peripheral resistance is either much less than or much greater than normal, but kidney excretion of salt and water is normal

Question 36

For TPR to have a significant effect on long-term control of ABP, it must also cause…

Answer 36

… an increase in intrarenal vascular resistance

Question 37

The renal function curve shifts to the left in hypertensive individuals. True or false?

Answer 37

False, it shift to the right, leading to a maintained high blood pressure

Question 38

Lethal effects of HBP

Answer 38

• Excess work load on the heart: heart failure, death
• Cerebrovascular accident: stroke
• Kidney failure, death