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Cardio Physio > Cardiac Output > Flashcards

Cardiac Output Flashcards

1
Q

Definitions of cardiac output

A
  1. The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle into the aorta per minute.
  2. The volume of blood flowing through either the systemic or the pulmonary circuit per minute.
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2
Q

Formula for cardiac output

A

Heart rates x stroke volume

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3
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

The blood volume ejected by each ventricle with each beat:

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4
Q

What is the unit of cardiac output?

A

Liters per minute

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5
Q

What is the value of cardiac output in men and women?

A

Men - 5.6

Women - 4.9

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6
Q

CO is greater in children. True or false?

A

False

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7
Q

CO is less in females. True or false?

A

True

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8
Q

The bigger you are, the less your CO. True or false?

A

False

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9
Q

Which time of the day is CO low?

A

In the morning

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10
Q

Environmental temperature and CO

A

Increase >30⁰C affects CO

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11
Q

Effect of anxiety on CO

A

It increases CO

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12
Q

After eating, CO…

A

Increases

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13
Q

CO and exercise

A

Directly proportional

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14
Q

Effect of high altitude on CO

A

It increases as a result of hypoxia

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15
Q

When is CO higher - recumbent or upright?

A

Recumbent

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16
Q

CO and pregnancy

A

It increases in the last trimester

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17
Q

CO and sleep

A

It decreases when one is sleeping

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18
Q

Effect of fever on CO

A

Decreases CO

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19
Q

Anemia

A

Decreases CO

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20
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Increases CO

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21
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Reduces CO

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22
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

When there is an irregular, often rapid heart rate that commonly causes poor blood flow. It happens because the heart’s upper chambers beat out of coordination with the lower chambers

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23
Q

Effects of atrial fibrillation on CO

A

Decreases CO

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24
Q

Heart failure

A

Decreases CO

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25
Q

Shock

A

Decreases CO

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26
Q

Hemmorhage

A

Decreases CO

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27
Q

The factors responsible for the regulation of CO can be divided into…

A

Two - Cardiac and peripheral factors

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28
Q

What are the cardiac factors that affect the regulation of cardiac output?

A

Force of contraction of the heart

Heart rate

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29
Q

What are the peripheral factors that affect the regulation of cardiac output?

A

Venous return

Peripheral resistance

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30
Q

States the Starling law

A

It states that the force of contraction of the heart is directly proportional to the initial length of muscle fibers before the onset of contraction.

31
Q

What is the preload?

A

It is the stretching of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole just before contraction.

32
Q

What is the EDV?

A

The end diastolic volume is the total volume of blood at the end of diastole (relaxation)

33
Q

The pre-load is also the tension on the wall of the ventricle due to the end diastolic volume. True or false?

A

True

34
Q

The force of contraction of the heart depends on two factors. What are they?

A

Pre-load
After load
Length of muscle fibers before contraction

35
Q

What is the afterload?

A

It is the force against which the ventricles most contract and eject blood

36
Q

What determines the after load for the left ventricle?

A

The aortic pressure which opposes the ventricle as it tries to pump blood into the aorta

37
Q

Afterload is inversely proportional to the ventricular force and CO. True or false?

A

True

38
Q

Relationship between ventricular force and aortic pressure for blood pumping

A

The ventricular force must be more than the aortic pressure for blood to be pumped into the systemic circulation

39
Q

The higher the preload…

A

The higher the fibres length, force, volume and CO

40
Q

The higher the after load…

A

The less the CO

41
Q

Factors that can cause hypereffectivity of the heart

A

Nervous stimulation

Hypertrophy of the heart muscle

42
Q

Factors that can cause hypoeffectivity of the heart

A
  • Inhibition of nervous excitation of the heart

- Pathological factors: arrhythmia, valvular heart diseases, hypertension

43
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Enlargement of an organ

44
Q

The higher the heart rate…

A

…the higher the cardiac output

45
Q

Effects of SNS & PNS on CO

A

SNS - Increased

PNS - Reduced

46
Q

Who maintains the arterial blood pressure when the venous return and cardiac output increase?

A

The heart rate

47
Q

What is chronotropy?

A

The hearts rate

48
Q

What is ionotropy?

A

Contraction

49
Q

What is dromotropy?

A

Conduction velocity

50
Q

What is venous return?

A

It is the rate of blood flow back to the hearts

51
Q

Venous return normally limits CO, true or false?

A

True

52
Q

The higher the volume of blood that the heart receives, the less the cardiac output. True or false?

A

False, the greater it is

53
Q

Factors that affect VR

A 
Respiratory pump
Muscle pump
Gravity
Venous pressure
Sympathetic tone
Vis-a-tergo
Vis-a-fronte
54
Q

Relationship between inspiration and expiration and cardiac output.

A

During inspiration, there is a reduction in the resistance to the flow of blood into the hearts and as such there’s increased venous return and increased cardiac output

55
Q

Relationship between venous return and cardiac output

A

The higher the VR the higher the CO

56
Q

During skeletal muscle contraction, proximal valves close while distal valves open. True or false?

A

False. The inverse is the case

57
Q

The higher the muscle contraction and relaxation, the higher the venous return and cardiac output. True or false?

A

True

58
Q

Effects of gravity on venous return

A

It causes venous pulling and reduction in VR

59
Q

Venous gradients from the veins to the right atrium does not affect VR, true or false?

A

False, it does

60
Q

Vis-a-tergo

A

Residual force of propulsion from the left ventricle

61
Q

Vis-a-fronte

A

Force of thoracic aspiration during inspiration

62
Q

Does venooconstriction aid VR?

A

Yes

63
Q

Where is peripheral resistance offered in the body’s circulatory system?

A

The arterioles

64
Q

What is peripheral resistance?

A

The load against which the heart has to pump blood

65
Q

How does peripheral resistance affect cardiac output?

A

It is an inverse relationship to maintain the ABP. Increase in PR only alters the CO to maintain ABP

66
Q

Conditions in which CO is pathologically high

A
  • Beriberi
  • Arteriovenous fistula (shunt).
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Anemia
67
Q

Cardiac conditions in which CO is pathologically low

A
  • Severe coronary blood vessel blockage and consequent myocardial infarction
  • Severe valvular heart disease,
  • Myocarditis - Inflammation of cardiac muscle
  • Cardiac tamponade - Compression of heart because of fluid in pericardial sac
  • Cardiac metabolic derangements.
68
Q

Peripheral conditions in which CO is pathologically low

A
  • Decreased blood volume
  • Acute venous dilation
  • Obstruction of the large veins
  • Decreased tissue mass, especially decreased skeletal muscle mass
69
Q

The kinds of conditions that can cause cardiac output to be pathologically low are divided into:

A

Cardiac and peripheral

70
Q

Epinephrine increases heart rate. True or false?

A

True

71
Q

The methods of measuring cardiac output may be…

A

…direct or indirect

72
Q

Direct methods of measuring cardiac output

A

Use of cardiometer and flowmeter

73
Q

Indirect methods of measuring cardiac output

A
  • Using Ficks principle

- Indicator dilution method

74
Q

How to measure cardiac output

A

BRODDIT

Ballistocardiographic method
Radionuclide ventriculography
Oesophageal Doppler transducer technique
Doppler echocardiography
Direct Methods
Indirect Methods
Thermodilution technique

Cardio Physio (10 decks)

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