Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes Flashcards
contains membrane-bound intracellular structures such as a nucleus, mitochondria, and for photosynthetic eukaryotes, chloroplasts.
CHOICES:
Eukaryotic cells, transcription, RNA polymerase, cytoskeletons, Eukaryotic genome, 1st level: Nucleosomes, 2nd level: 30nm chromatin fiber, 3rd level: looped domains, 4th level: chromosomes are visible during mitosis
Eukaryotic cells
help to maintain and manipulate the shape of the cell.
CHOICES:
Eukaryotic cells, transcription, RNA polymerase, cytoskeletons, Eukaryotic genome, 1st level: Nucleosomes, 2nd level: 30nm chromatin fiber, 3rd level: looped domains, 4th level: chromosomes are visible during mitosis
cytoskeletons
Composed of one or more linear DNA chromosomes.
CHOICES:
Eukaryotic cells, transcription, RNA polymerase, cytoskeletons, Eukaryotic genome, 1st level: Nucleosomes, 2nd level: 30nm chromatin fiber, 3rd level: looped domains, 4th level: chromosomes are visible during mitosis
Eukaryotic genome
Histone proteins help with coiling. They are positively charged so they bind tightly to negatively charged DNA. True or False
True
What level is made up of DNA wound twice around 8 histones (2 of each of 4 main types) with “linker” DNA between the beads.
CHOICES:
Eukaryotic cells, transcription, RNA polymerase, cytoskeletons, Eukaryotic genome, 1st level: Nucleosomes, 2nd level: 30nm chromatin fiber, 3rd level: looped domains, 4th level: chromosomes are visible during mitosis
1st level: Nucleosomes
What level is made up of loops held in place by scaffolding (nonhistone) proteins.
CHOICES:
Eukaryotic cells, transcription, RNA polymerase, cytoskeletons, Eukaryotic genome, 1st level: Nucleosomes, 2nd level: 30nm chromatin fiber, 3rd level: looped domains, 4th level: chromosomes are visible during mitosis
3rd level: looped domains
What level is made up of tightly wound coil of nucleosomes held in position by a first histone (H1).
CHOICES:
Eukaryotic cells, transcription, RNA polymerase, cytoskeletons, Eukaryotic genome, 1st level: Nucleosomes, 2nd level: 30nm chromatin fiber, 3rd level: looped domains, 4th level: chromosomes are visible during mitosis
2nd level: 30nm chromatin fiber
What level is made up of highly condensed, compact domains.
CHOICES:
Eukaryotic cells, transcription, RNA polymerase, cytoskeletons, Eukaryotic genome, 1st level: Nucleosomes, 2nd level: 30nm chromatin fiber, 3rd level: looped domains, 4th level: chromosomes are visible during mitosis
4th level: chromosomes are visible during mitosis
Cells must continually turn genes on and off in response to internal and external signals. True or False
True
Expression of specific genes is most commonly regulated at ____________
CHOICES:
Eukaryotic cells, transcription, RNA polymerase, cytoskeletons, Eukaryotic genome, 1st level: Nucleosomes, 2nd level: 30nm chromatin fiber, 3rd level: looped domains, 4th level: chromosomes are visible during mitosis
transcription
Proteins can bind DNA and either inhibit or facilitate the binding of ___________.
CHOICES:
Eukaryotic cells, transcription, RNA polymerase, cytoskeletons, Eukaryotic genome, 1st level: Nucleosomes, 2nd level: 30nm chromatin fiber, 3rd level: looped domains, 4th level: chromosomes are visible during mitosis
RNA polymerase
Activator proteins and DNA- bending proteins help “enhancers” on the DNA initiate transcription. True or False
True
Translation Initiation can be blocked by regulatory proteins. True or False
True
Transposons were delivered by Barbara McClinton using Indian corn. True or False
False - Barbara McClintock
Non-coding DNA sequences exert control over genes by jumping in or out of functional gene sequences, turning them on or off. True or False
True
Viruses were first identified in __________ plants
CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages
tobacco
The wide range of a virus indicates many host species. True or False
True
Capsids are made from protein subunits called _________.
CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages
capsomeres
The capsid is formed from a repeating single type of protein with the overall shape of a rigid rod.
CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages
Helical Viruses
Viruses with _________ structures are released into the environment when the cell dies, breaks down, and lyses, thus releasing the virions.
CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages
icosahedral
______________ consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a hollow protein cylinder or capsid.
CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages
Helical viruses
The capsid is formed from 252 identical protein molecules arranged in a polyhedron with 20 triangular facets
CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages
Icosahedral Viruses
The capsid is surrounded by a membranous envelope derived from the membranes of the host
CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages
Influenza Viruses
Viruses that infect bacteria
CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages
Bacteriophages
a viral infection that attacks the respiratory system
CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages
Influenza
Complex capsids and have an
elongated icosahedral
head and an elaborate
protein tail.
CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages
Bacteriophages
poliovirus, rhinovirus, and adenovirus
CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages
Icosahedral Viruses
measles virus, mumps virus, rabies virus, and ebola virus
CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages
Helical viruses
Virus identifies host cell by lock and key fit with receptor molecules on the host cell. True or False
True
The viral genome enters the host via membrane fusion, endocytosis, or injection (depending on the type of virus). True or False
True
The viral genome produces amino acids that reprogram the cell to copy the viral genome and produce viral proteins using the host. True or False
False - proteins
Phages that can only replicate by lytic cycle are called ________.
CHOICES:
virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction
virulent
Rapid destruction of the host cell.
CHOICES:
virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction
lytic
The _______ cycle involves the incorporation of the viral genome into the host cell genome, infecting it from within.
CHOICES:
virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction
lysogenic
The _________ cycle involves the reproduction of viruses using a host cell to manufacture more viruses; the viruses then burst out of the cell.
CHOICES:
virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction
lytic
Viral DNA integrates into host chromosomes (via crossing over), becomes a prophage and can reproduce (when a cell divides) without destroying cell.
CHOICES:
virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction
lysogenic
Phages that can replicate in both ways are called _______.
CHOICES:
virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction
temperate
Lysogenic viruses can become lytic in response to environmental triggers. True or False
True
bacteriophages transfer bacterial genes between hosts accidentally.
CHOICES:
virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction
Transduction
the direct transfer of genes via a pilus or “mating bridge
CHOICES:
virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction
Conjugation
they carry resistance genes that code for enzymes that specifically destroy antibiotics.
CHOICES:
virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction
R plasmids
They also carry genes that code for pili to allow conjugation.
CHOICES:
virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction
R plasmids
a primitive form of mating
CHOICES:
virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction
Conjugation
Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses
CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7
Class 1
Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses (positive-sense)
CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7
Class 4
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses
CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7
Class 3
Positive-sense ssRNA reverse transcriptase viruses
CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7
Class 6
Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses (negative-sense)
CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7
Class 5
Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses
CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7
Class 2
Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) reverse transcriptase viruses
CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7
Class 7
Have circular genomes and replicate mostly within the nucleus by a rolling circle mechanism
CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7
Class 2
Replicate in the core capsid in the host cell cytoplasm and do depend as heavily on host polymerases as DNA viruses.
CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7
Class 3
The RNA is converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase and then the DNA is spliced into the host genome for subsequent transcription and translation using the enzyme integrase.
CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7
Class 6
They can be directly read by ribosomes to translate into proteins
CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7
Class 4
It makes use of the host polymerases to replicate its genome and is therefore highly dependent on the host cell cycle.
CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7
Class 1
They replicate via an ssRNA intermediate
CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7
Class 7
They must be transcribed by a viral polymerase to produce a readable strand of mRNA
CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7
Class 5
Anelloviridae, Circoviridae, and Parvoviridae
CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7
Class 2
Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, and Rhabodviridae
CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7
Class 5
Rheoviridae and Birnaviridae.
CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7
Class 3
HIV, Metaviridae and Pseudoviridae.
CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7
Class 6
Hepatitis B virus
CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7
Class 7
Herpesviridae, Adenoviridae, and Papoviridae
CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7
Class 1
Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Astroviridae, and Picornaviridae
CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7
Class 4
Viruses damage the animal cells by releasing hydrolytic enzymes from the cell’s lysosomes. True or False
True
Transduction is the uptake of naked, foreign DNA. True or False
False - Transformation
Many viruses have cell-surface proteins that recognize DNA from closely related species and transport it inside. True or False
False - Bacteria
A bacteria or prokaryotes have 1 circular chromosome (dsDNA) plus accessory genes carried on small circular capsules. True or False
False - carries on small plasmids
Besides mutations, there are 3 types of genetic recombination which increase genetic variation in bacteria. True or False
True
Bacterias reproduce rapidly: short life span = new mutations that can affect evolution quickly. True or False
True
