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Cytogenetics > Methods to study genes > Flashcards

Methods to study genes Flashcards

1
Q

Biochemical methods are applied to the main chemical compounds of genetics —notably DNA, RNA, and protein. True or False

A

True

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2
Q

A laboratory procedure that determines the order of bases in the genome of an organism in one process.

CHOICES:
Genome sequencing, DNA bar-coding, Data analysis, Whole-genome sequencing, DNA shearing

A

Genome sequencing

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3
Q

Who discovered genome sequencing?

CHOICES:
Frederick Sanger and his team, Arne Tiselius and his team

A

Frederick Sanger and his team

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4
Q

Scientists add small pieces of DNA tags, or barcodes, to identify which piece of sheared DNA belongs to which bacteria.

CHOICES:
Genome sequencing, DNA bar-coding, Data analysis, Whole-genome sequencing, DNA shearing

A

DNA bar-coding

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5
Q

Scientists begin by using molecular scissors to cut the DNA, which is composed of millions of bases: A’s, C’s, T’s, and G’s, into pieces that are small enough for the sequencing machine to read.

CHOICES:
Genome sequencing, DNA bar-coding, Data analysis, Whole-genome sequencing, DNA shearing

A

DNA shearing

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6
Q

Scientists use computer analysis tools to compare bacterial sequences and identify differences. The number of differences can tell the scientists how closely related the bacteria are, and how likely it is that they are part of the same outbreak.

CHOICES:
Genome sequencing, DNA bar-coding, Data analysis, Whole-genome sequencing, DNA shearing

A

Data analysis

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7
Q

The bar-coded DNA from multiple bacteria is combined and put in the whole genome sequencer. The sequencer identifies the A’s, C’s, T’s, and G’s, or bases, that make up each bacterial sequence. The sequencer uses the bar code to keep track of which bases belong to which bacteria.

CHOICES:
Genome sequencing, DNA bar-coding, Data analysis, Whole-genome sequencing, DNA shearing

A

Whole-genome sequencing

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8
Q

One of the advantages of whole-genome sequencing is an individual can create personalized plans to treat disease may be possible based not only on the mutant genes causing a disease, but also other genes in the patient’s genome. True or False

A

True

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9
Q

Whole-genome sequencing allows genotyping cancer cells and understanding what genes are misregulated allows physicians to select the best chemotherapy and potentially expose the patient to less toxic treatment since the therapy is tailored. True or False

A

True

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10
Q

The volume of information contained in a genome sequence is vast, hence whole-genome sequencing can be a disadvantage. True or False

A

True

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11
Q

molecular photocopying that is used to amplify, copy - small segments of DNA.

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

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12
Q

In a typical PCR experiment, the target DNA is mixed with Taq polymerase, the two oligonucleotide primers, and a supply of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) in buffer. True or False

A

True

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13
Q

used to diagnose diseases, identify bacteria and viruses, match criminals to crime scenes, and biotechnology.

CHOICES:
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Denature, Extension, Annealing

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

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14
Q

the process of heating and cooling two single-stranded oligonucleotides with complementary sequences.

CHOICES:
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Denature, Extension, Annealing

A

Annealing

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15
Q

a process of separating dsDNA into single strands, which are favorable to DNA hybridization.

CHOICES:
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Denature, Extension, Annealing

A

Denature

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16
Q

achieved by using the loosened nucleotides of each base to grow the complementary DNA strand

CHOICES:
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Denature, Extension, Annealing

A

Extension

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17
Q

thermal denaturation of dsDNA at 94°C

CHOICES:
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Denature, Extension, Annealing

A

Denature

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18
Q

temperature is raised at 72-74°C just below the optimum of Taq polymerase

CHOICES:
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Denature, Extension, Annealing

A

Extension

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19
Q

temperature is decreased to 50-60°C which allows primers to attach to complementary sequences

CHOICES:
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Denature, Extension, Annealing

A

Annealing

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20
Q

Has 25-35 cycles

CHOICES:
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Denature, Extension, Annealing

A

Annealing

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21
Q

Most thermal cyclers can pause at 8°C indefinitely at the end of the cycles. True or False

A

False - 4°C

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22
Q

The RNA molecule is converted to cDNA molecule and then utilized as template sequence for following PCR reaction

CHOICES:
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction, Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

A

Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

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23
Q

developed to increase the sensitivity and specificity of PCR

CHOICES:
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction, Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

A

Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction

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24
Q

accomplished by capturing or isolating each individual nucleic acid molecule present in a sample within many chambers, zones, or regions that can localize and concentrate the amplification product to detectable levels.

CHOICES:
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction, Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

A

Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction

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25
Q

utilized multiple primer sets in a single PCR reaction to produce amplicons with different sizes.

CHOICES:
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction, Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

A

Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction

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26
Q

nonspecific binding in products due to the amplification of unexpected primer binding

CHOICES:
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction, Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

A

Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction

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27
Q

capability to examine for different target genes and organisms by one PCR reaction

CHOICES:
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction, Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

A

Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction

28
Q

developed to amplify RNA target

CHOICES:
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction, Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

A

Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

29
Q

evaluating the quantity of DNA and RNA molecules that exists in a sample

CHOICES:
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction, Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

A

Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction

30
Q

Monitor the amplification of a targeted DNA molecule during the PCR with the use of fluorescent dyes or fluorophore-containing DNA probes such as Taq man

CHOICES:
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction, Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

A

Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

31
Q

the amplification reaction is monitored in “real-time.”

CHOICES:
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction, Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

A

Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

32
Q

There are mainly two types of DNA analysis in qPCR. One is the dsDNA binding dye chemistry for both specific and nonspecific detection of amplified products, and the other is the fluorophore-linked probes for specific PCR product detection. True or False

A

True

33
Q

A method of separating electrically charged substances in a mixture

CHOICES:
Frederick Sanger, Arne Tiselius, Supporting medium, molecular sieve, Gel Electrophoresis, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE, Agarose Gel, Polyacrylamide Gel, Agarose Gel, Buffer system, Electrophoresis

A

Electrophoresis

34
Q

Father of Electrophoresis

CHOICES:
Frederick Sanger, Arne Tiselius, Supporting medium, molecular sieve, Gel Electrophoresis, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE, Agarose Gel, Polyacrylamide Gel, Agarose Gel, Buffer system, Electrophoresis

A

Arne Tiselius

35
Q

The matrix in which the biomolecules separation takes place

CHOICES:
Frederick Sanger, Arne Tiselius, Supporting medium, molecular sieve, Gel Electrophoresis, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE, Agarose Gel, Polyacrylamide Gel, Agarose Gel, Buffer system, Electrophoresis

A

Supporting medium

36
Q

Conduct electricity by running buffer

CHOICES:
Frederick Sanger, Arne Tiselius, Supporting medium, molecular sieve, Gel Electrophoresis, Soduim Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE, Agarose Gel, Polyacrylamide Gel, Agarose Gel, Buffer system, Electrophoresis

A

Buffer system

37
Q

Separation is brought about through molecular sieving technique, based on the molecular size of the substances

CHOICES:
Frederick Sanger, Arne Tiselius, Supporting medium, molecular sieve, Gel Electrophoresis, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE, Agarose Gel, Polyacrylamide Gel, Agarose Gel, Buffer system, Electrophoresis

A

Gel Electrophoresis

38
Q

Gel material acts as a “__________”

CHOICES:
Frederick Sanger, Arne Tiselius, Supporting medium, molecular sieve, Gel Electrophoresis, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE, Agarose Gel, Polyacrylamide Gel, Agarose Gel, Buffer system, Electrophoresis

A

molecular sieve

39
Q

Most effective in separating DNA fragments of varying sizes from 100bp to 25kb

CHOICES:
Frederick Sanger, Arne Tiselius, Supporting medium, molecular sieve, Gel Electrophoresis, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE, Agarose Gel, Polyacrylamide Gel, Agarose Gel, Buffer system, Electrophoresis

A

Agarose Gel

40
Q

The technique is widely used for separating proteins and nucleic acids

CHOICES:
Frederick Sanger, Arne Tiselius, Supporting medium, molecular sieve, Gel Electrophoresis, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE, Agarose Gel, Polyacrylamide Gel, Agarose Gel, Buffer system, Electrophoresis

A

Gel Electrophoresis

41
Q

used for separating smaller nucleic acids and proteins

CHOICES:
Frederick Sanger, Arne Tiselius, Supporting medium, molecular sieve, Gel Electrophoresis, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE, Agarose Gel, Polyacrylamide Gel, Agarose Gel, Buffer system, Electrophoresis

A

Polyacrylamide Gel

42
Q

An anionic detergent that breaks disulfide bonds and used for denaturing the proteins

CHOICES:
Frederick Sanger, Arne Tiselius, Supporting medium, molecular sieve, Gel Electrophoresis, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE, Agarose Gel, Polyacrylamide Gel, Agarose Gel, Buffer system, Electrophoresis

A

Soduim Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE

43
Q

___________ structure held together by covalent cross-linking of Acrylamide and N,N’-methylene bisacrylamide

CHOICES:
Frederick Sanger, Arne Tiselius, Supporting medium, molecular sieve, Gel Electrophoresis, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE, Agarose Gel, Polyacrylamide Gel, Agarose Gel, Buffer system, Electrophoresis

A

Polyacrylamide Gel

44
Q

Is a linear carbohydrate polymer composed of repeating units of agarobiose, which consists of alternating units of galactose and 3,6-anhydrogalactose

CHOICES:
Frederick Sanger, Arne Tiselius, Supporting medium, molecular sieve, Gel Electrophoresis, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE, Agarose Gel, Polyacrylamide Gel, Agarose Gel, Buffer system, Electrophoresis

A

Agarose Gel

45
Q

Factors that Determine the Rate of Migration of a DNA molecule Through a Gel:

A linear DNA fragment of a given size migrates at different rates through gels containing different concentrations of agarose

CHOICES:
Electrophoresis Buffer, Size of the molecule, DNA conformation, Agarose concentration, Presence of DNA stains in the gel electrophoresis buffer, Types of agarose, Voltage applied

A

Agarose concentration

46
Q

Factors that Determine the Rate of Migration of a DNA molecule Through a Gel:

Supercoiled circular DNA, relaxed circular DNA and linear DNA of the same molecular weight will migrate at different rates through the gel

CHOICES:
Electrophoresis Buffer, Size of the molecule, DNA conformation, Agarose concentration, Presence of DNA stains in the gel electrophoresis buffer, Types of agarose, Voltage applied

A

DNA conformation

47
Q

Factors that Determine the Rate of Migration of a DNA molecule Through a Gel:

The molecular size of nucleic acid is expressed in molecular weight equivalent to the number of bases/ base pairs in the molecule

CHOICES:
Electrophoresis Buffer, Size of the molecule, DNA conformation, Agarose concentration, Presence of DNA stains in the gel electrophoresis buffer, Types of agarose, Voltage applied

A

Size of the molecule

48
Q

Factors that Determine the Rate of Migration of a DNA molecule Through a Gel:

Dyes used to stain DNA in gels are usually intercalating agents and Addition to the gel may retard the rate of migration of the DNA

CHOICES:
Electrophoresis Buffer, Size of the molecule, DNA conformation, Agarose concentration, Presence of DNA stains in the gel electrophoresis buffer, Types of agarose, Voltage applied

A

Presence of DNA stains in the gel electrophoresis buffer

49
Q

Factors that Determine the Rate of Migration of a DNA molecule Through a Gel:

Various types of agaroses are used for specialized applications

CHOICES:
Electrophoresis Buffer, Size of the molecule, DNA conformation, Agarose concentration, Presence of DNA stains in the gel electrophoresis buffer, Types of agarose, Voltage applied

A

Types of agarose

50
Q

Factors that Determine the Rate of Migration of a DNA molecule Through a Gel:

The rate of migration is proportional to the voltage applied, ↑voltage ↑rate of migration

CHOICES:
Electrophoresis Buffer, Size of the molecule, DNA conformation, Agarose concentration, Presence of DNA stains in the gel electrophoresis buffer, Types of agarose, Voltage applied

A

Voltage applied

51
Q

Factors that Determine the Rate of Migration of a DNA molecule Through a Gel:

The composition and ionic strength affects DNA mobility, If water electrical conductivity is minimal, then DNA will migrate slowly, However, if the ionic strength is higher (10X Buffer), then the electrical conductance is efficient

CHOICES:
Electrophoresis Buffer, Size of the molecule, DNA conformation, Agarose concentration, Presence of DNA stains in the gel electrophoresis buffer, Types of agarose, Voltage applied

A

Electrophoresis Buffer

52
Q

Gels that have a low melting temperature melts at 55 degrees celsius. True or False

A

False - 65 degrees celsius

53
Q

Standard gels melt at 90-95 degrees celsius. True or False

A

True

54
Q

Insertion of a fragment of RNA carrying genre into a cloning vector and subsequent propagation of recombinant DNA molecules into many copies is known as gene cloning. True or False

A

False - Insertion of a fragment of RNA carrying genre into a cloning vector and subsequent propagation of recombinant DNA molecules into many copies is known as gene cloning

55
Q

Gene cloning involves using viruses to make multiple copies of a gene. True or False

A

False - bacterias

56
Q

Southern and Northern blot hybridizations are used to hybridize a labeled probe to fractionated and immobilized DNA (Southern) or RNA (Northern). True or False

A

True

57
Q

A complex DNA sample is digested with restriction endonucleases. The resulting fragments are applied to an agarose gel and separated by size using electrophoresis.

CHOICES:
Southern blot hybridization, Northern blot hybridization, Western blot, Eastern blot, Microarrays, Macroarrays

A

Southern blot hybridization

58
Q

A variant of Southern blotting in which the samples contain undigested RNA instead of DNA.

CHOICES:
Southern blot hybridization, Northern blot hybridization, Western blot, Eastern blot, Microarrays, Macroarrays

A

Northern blot hybridization

59
Q

Is an immunoblotting technique which rely on the specificity of binding between a molecule of interest and a probe to allow detection of the molecule of interest in a mixture of many other similar molecules.

CHOICES:
Southern blot hybridization, Northern blot hybridization, Western blot, Eastern blot, Microarrays, Macroarrays

A

Western blot

60
Q

uses samples of total RNA or purified poly(A)+ mRNA from tissues or cells of interest.

CHOICES:
Southern blot hybridization, Northern blot hybridization, Western blot, Eastern blot, Microarrays, Macroarrays

A

Northern blot hybridization

61
Q

Used to identify target sequences that are similar but not identical to the gene used as a probe.

CHOICES:
Southern blot hybridization, Northern blot hybridization, Western blot, Eastern blot, Microarrays, Macroarrays

A

Southern blot hybridization

62
Q

The principal use of this method is to obtain information on the expression patterns of specific genes.

CHOICES:
Southern blot hybridization, Northern blot hybridization, Western blot, Eastern blot, Microarrays, Macroarrays

A

Northern blot hybridization

63
Q

the molecule of interest is a protein and the probe is typically an antibody raised against that particular protein.

CHOICES:
Southern blot hybridization, Northern blot hybridization, Western blot, Eastern blot, Microarrays, Macroarrays

A

Western blot

64
Q

________ use a nylon or nitrocellulose membrane matrix onto which nucleic acid probes have been deposited. Samples are radioactively labeled and hybridized in parallel. Detection is best accomplished through phosphorimaging

CHOICES:
Southern blot hybridization, Northern blot hybridization, Western blot, Eastern blot, Microarrays, Macroarrays

A

Macroarrays

65
Q

___________ use a silicon or plastic matrix and a fluorescence-based labeling scheme in which both control and experimental samples are hybridized to the same array in a competitive manner. Fluorescent scanners are used for detection.

CHOICES:
Southern blot hybridization, Northern blot hybridization, Western blot, Eastern blot, Microarrays, Macroarrays

A

Microarrays

Cytogenetics (12 decks)

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