Cell Division and Cycle Flashcards
Also called body cells
CHOICES:
Cell Cycle, Cell Division, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Apoptosis, 30 Trillion, 60 Trillion, Germ Cells, Somatic Cells, Stem Cells
Somatic Cells
Sperm and Egg cell
CHOICES:
Cell Cycle, Cell Division, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Apoptosis, 30 Trillion, 60 Trillion, Germ Cells, Somatic Cells, Stem Cells
Germ Cells
Diploid cells that
divide to give rise to differentiated cells
CHOICES:
Cell Cycle, Cell Division, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Apoptosis, 30 Trillion, 60 Trillion, Germ Cells, Somatic Cells, Stem Cells
Stem Cells
Have two copies of the genome (diploid)
CHOICES:
Cell Cycle, Cell Division, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Apoptosis, 30 Trillion, 60 Trillion, Germ Cells, Somatic Cells, Stem Cells
Somatic Cells
Have one copy of the genome (haploid)
Germ Cells
a series of events that cells go through as they grow
CHOICES:
Cell Cycle, Cell Division, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Apoptosis, 30 Trillion, 60 Trillion, Germ Cells, Somatic Cells, Stem Cells
Cell Cycle
An adult human consists of about _________ Cells and billions are replaced daily.
CHOICES:
Cell Cycle, Cell Division, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Apoptosis, 30 Trillion, 60 Trillion, Germ Cells, Somatic Cells, Stem Cells
30 Trillion
Form of cell death
that is a normal part of growth and development
CHOICES:
Cell Cycle, Cell Division, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Apoptosis, 30 Trillion, 60 Trillion, Germ Cells, Somatic Cells, Stem Cells
Apoptosis
Division of DNA and
rest of the cell
CHOICES:
Cell Cycle, Cell Division, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Apoptosis, 30 Trillion, 60 Trillion, Germ Cells, Somatic Cells, Stem Cells
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
the sequence of activities as a cell prepares for and undergoes division
CHOICES:
Cell Cycle, Cell Division, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Apoptosis, 30 Trillion, 60 Trillion, Germ Cells, Somatic Cells, Stem Cells, Interphase
Cell Interphase
Microscopically cells are quiet
CHOICES:
G0, Interphase, G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase
Interphase
a cell can exit the cell cycle at G1 Phase to enter a quiet phase called ________
CHOICES:
G0, Interphase, G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase
G0
Protein Synthesis, Lipids, and Carbohydrates
CHOICES:
G0, Interphase, G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase
G1 Phase
Replication of Chromosomes
CHOICES:
G0, Interphase, G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase
S Phase
Chromosomes are not visible and Active protein synthesis
CHOICES:
G0, Interphase, G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase
Interphase
DNA replication and Mitosis
CHOICES:
G0, Interphase, G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase
G2 Phase
Will contribute to building the extra plasma membrane required to surround the two new cells that form from the original one
CHOICES:
G0, Interphase, G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase
G1 Phase
Cell replicates its entire genome
CHOICES:
G0, Interphase, G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase
S Phase
A cell in ________ is alive and maintains its specialized characteristics but does not replicate its DNA or divide. This cell can proceed to mitosis and divide or die.
CHOICES:
G0, Interphase, G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase
G0
Occurs after the DNA has been replicated but before mitosis begins
CHOICES:
G0, Interphase, G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase
G2 Phase
Microtubules form structures called ________
CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters
centrioles
the largest constriction in a chromosome, located at a specific site in each chromosome
CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters
Centromere
a structure composed of microtubules that pulls sets of chromosomes apart in a dividing cell
CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters
Spindle
maintains cellular organization and enable transport of substances within the cell
CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters
Microtubules
a structure in cells that organizes microtubules into the mitotic spindle
CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters
Centrioles
After the DNA replication, each chromosome consists of two copies of the genome joined at an area called the _________.
CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters
centromere
strands of chromosomal material in replicated chromosomes
CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters
Chromatids
Division of a cell nucleus
during mitosis
CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters
Karyokinesis
Only occurs in eukaryotes
CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters
Mitosis
if a chromatid is attached at a centromere, they are called _________
CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters
sister chromatids
The space between sister chromatids is called a _______
CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters
furrow
Produces 2 new cells that are both genetically identical to the original cell.
CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters
Mitosis
pair of centrioles surrounded by a halo of microtubules.
CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters
Asters
Cells prepare to divide by tightly condensing their chromosomes
CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Prophase
Attachment of chromosomes to spindle fiber forming a metaphase plate
CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Metaphase
Centromeres divide
CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Anaphase
Two daughter nuclei begin to
form in the cell
CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Telophase
sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell by kinetochore fivers becoming independent chromosomes
CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Anaphase
Initiate mitotic spindle formation
CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Prophase
Align along the cell’s equator
CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Metaphase
Spindle falls apart
CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Telophase
Chromosomes appear as long,
thin threads
CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Prophase
the two ends of the cell have an equivalent and complete collection of chromosomes
CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Anaphase
Chromosomes are at maximum contraction
CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Metaphase
Nucleolus appears
CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Telophase
Nuclear membranes form around the two sets of chromosomes
CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Telophase
cytokinesis occurs
CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Telophase
Ensure that critical events in the DNA replication and chromosome segregation
CHOICES:
Cell Cycle Check Points, Epidermal growth factor, Telomeres, telomerase, Cdk4 & Cdk6, Cdk2, Cdk1, 50, 30, 10, Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes, Hormone
Cell Cycle Check Points
made in a gland and transported in the bloodstream to another part of the body.
CHOICES:
Cell Cycle Check Points, Epidermal growth factor, Telomeres, telomerase, Cdk4 & Cdk6, Cdk2, Cdk1, 50, 30, 10, Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes, Hormone
Hormone
stimulates cell division in the skin beneath a scab
CHOICES:
Cell Cycle Check Points, Epidermal growth factor, Telomeres, telomerase, Cdk4 & Cdk6, Cdk2, Cdk1, 50, 30, 10, Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes, Hormone
Epidermal growth factor
Ensures that all phases of the cell cycle are executed in the correct order
CHOICES:
Cell Cycle Check Points, Epidermal growth factor, Telomeres, telomerase, Cdk4 & Cdk6, Cdk2, Cdk1, 50, 30, 10, Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes, Hormone
Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes
Lose 20-200 endmost bases after each cell division
CHOICES:
Cell Cycle Check Points, Epidermal growth factor, Telomeres, telomerase, Cdk4 & Cdk6, Cdk2, Cdk1, 50, 30, 10, Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes, Hormone
Telomeres
After ______ divisions, shortened telomeres signal the cell to stop dividing
CHOICES:
Cell Cycle Check Points, Epidermal growth factor, Telomeres, telomerase, Cdk4 & Cdk6, Cdk2, Cdk1, 50, 30, 10, Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes, Hormone
50
Sperm, eggs, bone marrow, and cancer cells produce ________ that prevent shortening of telomeres
CHOICES:
Cell Cycle Check Points, Epidermal growth factor, Telomeres, telomerase, Cdk4 & Cdk6, Cdk2, Cdk1, 50, 30, 10, Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes, Hormone
telomerase
Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes in G1
CHOICES:
Cell Cycle Check Points, Epidermal growth factor, Telomeres, telomerase, Cdk4 & Cdk6, Cdk2, Cdk1, 50, 30, 10, Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes, Hormone
Cdk4 & Cdk6
Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes in S-Phase
CHOICES:
Cell Cycle Check Points, Epidermal growth factor, Telomeres, telomerase, Cdk4 & Cdk6, Cdk2, Cdk1, 50, 30, 10, Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes, Hormone
Cdk2
Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes in M-Phase
CHOICES:
Cell Cycle Check Points, Epidermal growth factor, Telomeres, telomerase, Cdk4 & Cdk6, Cdk2, Cdk1, 50, 30, 10, Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes, Hormone
Cdk1
Failure of the Checkpoints may lead to mutations and genetic instability like cancer and birth defects. True or False
True
A form of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes, forming haploid gametes.
CHOICES:
Homologous pairs, 46 pairs of chromosomes, 23 pairs of chromosomes, haploid, diploid, Meiosis, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, synapsis, chiasma, Double Division
Meiosis
________ have the same genes in the same order but carry different alleles, or variants, of the same gene
CHOICES:
Homologous pairs, 46 pairs of chromosomes, 23 pairs of chromosomes, haploid, diploid, Meiosis, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, synapsis, chiasma, Double Division
Homologous pairs
Humans normally contain
______________ segments, which shuffles the genes and produces a recombination of genetic material
CHOICES:
Homologous pairs, 46 pairs of chromosomes, 23 pairs of chromosomes, haploid, diploid, Meiosis, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, synapsis, chiasma, Double Division
23 pairs of chromosomes
Gametes are _______ and somatic cells are _______ for each chromosomes
CHOICES:
Homologous pairs, 46 pairs of chromosomes, 23 pairs of chromosomes, haploid, diploid, Meiosis, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, synapsis, chiasma, Double Division
haploid, diploid
Provides genetic diversity which can enable a population to survive an environmental challenge
CHOICES:
Homologous pairs, 46 pairs of chromosomes, 23 pairs of chromosomes, haploid, diploid, Meiosis, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, synapsis, chiasma, Double Division
Meiosis
During meiosis gamete cells undergo a “_________”
maintaining the DNA but reducing the count to 23
CHOICES:
Homologous pairs, 46 pairs of chromosomes, 23 pairs of chromosomes, haploid, diploid, Meiosis, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, synapsis, chiasma, Double Division
Double Division
reduces the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid
CHOICES:
Homologous pairs, 46 pairs of chromosomes, 23 pairs of chromosomes, haploid, diploid, Meiosis, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, synapsis, chiasma, Double Division
Meiosis I
produces four haploid daughter cells
CHOICES:
Homologous pairs, 46 pairs of chromosomes, 23 pairs of chromosomes, haploid, diploid, Meiosis, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, synapsis, chiasma, Double Division
Meiosis II
The pairing of homologous chromosomes lengthwise
CHOICES:
Homologous pairs, 46 pairs of chromosomes, 23 pairs of chromosomes, haploid, diploid, Meiosis, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, synapsis, chiasma, Double Division
synapsis
As homologous chromosomes separate, points of interchange are temporarily united and form an X-like structure called ______
CHOICES:
Homologous pairs, 46 pairs of chromosomes, 23 pairs of chromosomes, haploid, diploid, Meiosis, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, synapsis, chiasma, Double Division
chiasma
Mitosis provides constancy of the chromosome number generation to generation by reducing the chromosome number from diploid to haploid, thereby producing haploid gametes. True or False
False - Meiosis
Meiosis doesn’t allow a random assortment of maternal and paternal chromosomes between the gametes. True or False
False - it allows
Homologs pair up and undergo crossing over
CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
Prophase I
Random alignment of chromosomes causes an independent assortment of the genes that they carry
CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
Metaphase I
Homologs separate
CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
Anaphase I
Move to opposite poles
CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
Telophase I
Produces genetic recombination in the offspring
CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
Prophase I
nuclear envelopes partially assemble around chromosomes. Spindle disappears. Cytokinesis divides cells into two.
CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
Telophase I
Paired homologous chromosomes align along the equator of the cell
CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
Metaphase I
Synapsed chromosomes separate but remain attached at a few points
CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
Prophase I
homologous chromosomes separate to opposite poles of cell
CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
Anaphase I
Nuclear envelope fragments. Spindle forms and fibers attach to both chromosomes.
CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
Prophase II
synapsis and crossing over occurs
CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
Prophase I (early)
chromosomes condense, become visible.
CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
Prophase I (late)
Chromosomes align along the equator of the cell.
CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
Metaphase II
Sister chromatids separate to opposite poles of cell.
CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
Anaphase II
Nuclear envelopes assemble around two daughter nuclei. Chromosomes decondense. Spindle disappears. Cytokinesis divides cells.
CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
Telophase II
marks the start of the second meiotic division
CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
Prophase II
A stem cell divides by _____
CHOICES:
G2 Phase, G1 Phase, Interphase, S Phase Interphase, “Adult” Stem Cell, Induced pluripotent Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cells, Progenitor Cell, M Phase, S Phase, mitosis, meiosis
mitosis
a cell whose descendants can follow any of several developmental pathways, but not all. They do not have the capacity for self-renewal.
CHOICES:
G2 Phase, G1 Phase, Interphase, S Phase Interphase, “Adult” Stem Cell, Induced pluripotent Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cells, Progenitor Cell, M Phase, S Phase, mitosis, meiosis
Progenitor Cell
Inner cell mass of very early embryo; somatic cell nuclear transfer into the egg cell
CHOICES:
G2 Phase, G1 Phase, Interphase, S Phase Interphase, “Adult” Stem Cell, Induced pluripotent Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cells, Progenitor Cell, M Phase, S Phase, mitosis, meiosis
Embryonic Stem Cells
Genes or other chemicals reprogram the somatic cell nucleus; no embryos required
CHOICES:
G2 Phase, G1 Phase, Interphase, S Phase Interphase, “Adult” Stem Cell, Induced pluripotent Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cells, Progenitor Cell, M Phase, S Phase, mitosis, meiosis
Induced pluripotent Stem Cell
Somatic cells that normally function as stem cells, from any stage of development from fertilized ovum through elderly
CHOICES:
G2 Phase, G1 Phase, Interphase, S Phase Interphase, “Adult” Stem Cell, Induced pluripotent Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cells, Progenitor Cell, M Phase, S Phase, mitosis, meiosis
“Adult” Stem Cell
Stem cells aids in the discovery and development of drugs. True or False
True
What is the longest stage of the cell cycle called?
CHOICES:
G2 Phase, G1 Phase, Interphase, S Phase Interphase, “Adult” Stem Cell, Induced pluripotent Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cells, Progenitor Cell, M Phase, S Phase, mitosis, meiosis
S Phase Interphase
During what stage does the G1,S , and G2 phases happen?
CHOICES:
G2 Phase, G1 Phase, Interphase, S Phase Interphase, “Adult” Stem Cell, Induced pluripotent Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cells, Progenitor Cell, M Phase, S Phase, mitosis, meiosis
Interphase
During what phase of the cell cycle does mitosis and cytokinesis occur?
CHOICES:
G2 Phase, G1 Phase, Interphase, S Phase Interphase, “Adult” Stem Cell, Induced pluripotent Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cells, Progenitor Cell, M Phase, S Phase, mitosis, meiosis
M Phase
During what phase of the cell cycle does cell division occur?
CHOICES:
G2 Phase, G1 Phase, Interphase, S Phase Interphase, “Adult” Stem Cell, Induced pluripotent Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cells, Progenitor Cell, M Phase, S Phase, mitosis, meiosis
M Phase
During what phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?
CHOICES:
G2 Phase, G1 Phase, Interphase, S Phase Interphase, “Adult” Stem Cell, Induced pluripotent Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cells, Progenitor Cell, M Phase, S Phase, mitosis, meiosis
S Phase
During what phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow
CHOICES:
G2 Phase, G1 Phase, Interphase, S Phase Interphase, “Adult” Stem Cell, Induced pluripotent Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cells, Progenitor Cell, M Phase, S Phase, mitosis, meiosis
G1 Phase
During what phase of the cell cycle does the cell prepare for mitosis?
CHOICES:
G2 Phase, G1 Phase, Interphase, S Phase Interphase, “Adult” Stem Cell, Induced pluripotent Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cells, Progenitor Cell, M Phase, S Phase, mitosis, meiosis
G2 Phase